Siyaas e karallagal

Kaawisaaji tagoore

Ngalɗoo damal fayti ko e ganndal siyaas e karallagal kesal e fannuuji mum kala. Ɗum siforii ko no "deftere nii". Kala binndiiɗo e sit he, ina waawi ɗisde ɗo winndannde mum yowitiinde e ganndal siyaas e karallaagal kesal.

Gaagaa humpito ɗum waawi rokkude, ma ɗum wallit en kadi lelnude kelmeendi paytundi heen. Ɗum noon heddii ko gooto fof wooda ko waɗi heen.

Bismilla.

14 Noowaamburu mawningol ñalngu Adunaare Jabet

Jabet

Ñalngu Adunankeewu Jabet mawninaama ñalnde 14 Noowaamburu nder Moritani e nder Aduna oo fof. Jeewte rajooji, e nder dingire, jakkaaji, saaluuji mawɗi,fof njirwinaama ngam jeertinde ɓesngu winndere nde e nguu ñawu, hono Jabet.ko ina tolnoo e 350 Miliyoŋ aadee, safrooɓe, seernaaɓe, rewɓe, worɓe, sukaaɓe e mawɓe, kam e pelle

wonduɓe e jabet, e yimɓe teelɗuɓe, ko kam en mawnini e nder aduna oo nguu ñalngu Cellal.Tiitoonde hikka ñalngu ngu ko:Nehgol e deentagol.

Hol sabaabu jabet suɓanaa ñalngu 14 Noowaamburu?

Ko ngam hirjinde aduna oo kala e ñawu Jabet, mbele ngannda maale mum, e safaruuji mum kam e tanaa mum, mbele ndeentoo, maa cafroo ɗum. Ko Fedde Adunaare Cellal (O.M.S) kam e Fedde hakkunde leyɗeele Jabet cuɓii ñalngu 14 Noowaamburu mbaɗi ɗum ñalngu jabet e nder Aduna hee, e hitaande 1991 to Biriksel.

Ñalngu ngu ko jibineede hono:Frederick Bating mo nganndu-ɗaa ko kañum e Charles Best njiyti ko wiyatee ko insuline, ko daɗndat piɗtaali yimɓe wonduɓe e Jabet.Ngol jiytugol waɗi ko e 1921-1922 to CANADA.

Hol ko woni Jabet?

Jabet ko ñawu ngu nganndu-ɗaa ɓuri anndireede ko ñawu suukara; sibu ɗum ko ɓurtugol suukara e aadee addata ɗum.

Jabet waɗi ko eddaaji (2) ɗiɗi:

-Edda gadano oo, hono Jabet fannu I, o feeñata e aadee ko nde haaɗo-haɗonduru nattiti feewnude ''insuline'' sibu suukara mum nattitii naatde e nder ƴiiƴam.Suukara oo ɓurta e nder ɓalndu.So ɗum laatiima e neɗɗo, joomum waɗtata ko pikkireede ''insuline".

Oo edda jabet ɓuri heewde ko e sukaaɓe, kam e sagataaɓe; fotde 10%, haa 15% e jabetaaji ko kanko fannu I o.

- Edda ɗimmo oo, ko Jabet fannu II; o laatotoo ko nde ɓalndu neɗɗo ronkiti feewnude ''insuline'' ngam sokla mum, maa walla nde ronkiti huutoraade ɗum no haanirta nii.

Oo fannu Jabet, cuɓagol ñamri mum , kam e waɗde coftel ɓalli ina riiwta ɗum law.

Banndiraaɓe, hikka fedde Adunaare Cellal, kam e Fedde hakkunde leyɗeele Jabet, ɓuri teentinde e ɓesngu ko nde ndeentatoo heɓde nguu ñawu, kadi e hirjinde yimɓe wonduɓe e jabet nde ndewata wasiyaaji ndokkatee to cafrirde too, kadi joowmum en ndewata safaruuji mum en ndokkaa, mbele ina kisa e tanaaji ñawu jabet.

Mammadu Maamuudu Baal

2036 darnga ?

darnga.jpg

Hoto paayee ! Wiyaa ko ina waawi waɗa, wonaa huunde siirnde : sikkannde majjum ina tolnoo e gootel nder 45 000 walla nii, e wiyde annduɓe NASA, e gootel nder 250 000 ; ɗum ɗoon ko tuugaade e hiisa mo ɓe mbaɗi.

Kaaɗoo haala fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 2004. Ko annduɓe to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Pise, ɓe alaa ko toppitii so wonaa reende geɗe baawɗe buɓɓondirde e leydi, teskinoo wonde won haayre yiytaa ina waawi maa rew saraaji leydi men ndi ñalnde 13 abriil 2029, hade mum sokkondirde e mum duuɓi jeeɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, woni e hitaande 2036.

Hawrata ko e aljumaa : oɗon nganndi kam ɗum wonaa ko fepindaa ! Ndeen haayre inniraa ko «2004 NM4»

Yiyti nde ko Roy Tucker gonɗo to ƴeewirde wootere ina to Tucson, Arisona, Amerik. Ngam ruppaade hoddiro, annduɓe innitiri nde « Apophis » (Apofis), innde seekaande e ‘Apep’, hono ‘Pirtoowo’ woni innde gooto e allaaji Ejiptenaaɓe ɓooyɓe.

So Alla, laawol Apophis e hitaande 2029, ina woɗɗi en seeɗa : ɗuum ina foti deeƴnude ɓerɗe ; kono ɗuum dey haɗataa wonde eɗum waawi laataade : fof fawii ko e baylagol tiindo Apofis. Ɗum noon, annduɓe ɓe mbiyi « ina ŋata, ŋatataa fof, woɗɗinde koyngal mum ɓuri ».

Hol feere majjum ?

Ina jeyaa e palaŋuuji NASA neldude, e hitaande 2013, laanel potngel joɗɗinoyde « jaabotoongel rajo » dow Apofis, mbele yimɓe ina mbaawa anndude ko siiri tolno maggel, e sahaa kala, e nder kammu he.

So tawaama haa hannde siiraani, heewɓe ina miijoo yo nde bommbe ; kono ɗuum wonaa feere moƴƴere sibu so nde fusii, ko ndeen kadi ɓuri hulɓinaade.

Kono nde tawnoo ganndal suuɗaaki ko ko wirnii tan, annduɓe NASA wiyeteeɓe Edward Lu e Stanley Love, kollitii feere mum en, nde alanaa en tanaa, tawa kadi ina hisma Apofis, woppa ɗum, jokka e haaju mum … : ɗum woni neldude takko (sara) Apofis laanel weeyo tokosel, ngel ɓuraani kabin Apollo mawnude, tawa marsinta ɗum ko semmbe ummiiɗo e naange : fooɗo hakkunde maggel e Apofis, maa selnu Apofis laawol mum, waasa naatde e bolol gaddantunoongol ɗum buɓɓondirde e leydi.

Peeje goɗɗe ina miijaa ko wayi no huccinde e mayre daarorɗe mbele semmbe cereeli naange ina ngulna nde, nde sela bolol bonngol e men ngol. Peeje ɗee kala ina ɗaɓɓi ganndugol timmungol nokku haayre nde e kala sahaa.

So pelɓondiral waɗii

Batte pelɓondiral hakkunde haayre nde 320 meeteer njaajeendi e leydi ina kulɓinii : semmbe majjum (teddeendi haayre nde ko miliyoŋaaji 20 ton) ina yerondira, ko famɗi fof e 875 megaaton (875 miliyoŋ ton), woni laabi 58 000 bommbo mo Aemrik werlinoo e Hiroshima. Geɗe ɗiɗi ina mbaawi kewde : maa wonii Apofis (Apophis) yanii e njoorndi walla e geec. So o yanii e njoorndi, kalitgol buɓɓannde nde ina waawi waɗtude leydi potndi e Espaañ maa Farayse mawnugol, karawal. So o yanii e Geec, bonannde ndee kadi, ko jaasi fof maa fot e ndeya.

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Ƴoogirde www.slate.fr

2036, Darnga ?

Ayaawo cokkindiral leydi e meteorit

Hawrata ko e aljumaa : oɗon nganndi kam ɗum wonaa ko fepindaa ! Ndeen haayre inniraa ko «2004 NM4»

Yiyti nde ko Roy Tucker gonɗo to ƴeewirde wootere ina to Tucson, Arisona, Amerik. Ngam ruppaade hoddiro, annduɓe innitiri nde « Apophis » (Apofis), innde seekaande e ‘Apep’, hono ‘Pirtoowo’ woni innde gooto e allaaji Ejiptenaaɓe ɓooyɓe.

So Alla, laawol Apophis e hitaande 2029, ina woɗɗi en seeɗa : ɗuum ina foti deeƴnude ɓerɗe ; kono ɗuum dey haɗataa wonde eɗum waawi laataade : fof fawii ko e baylagol tiindo Apofis. Ɗum noon, annduɓe ɓe mbiyi « ina ŋata, ŋatataa fof, woɗɗinde koyngal mum ɓuri ».

Hol feere majjum ?

Ina jeyaa e palaŋuuji NASA neldude, e hitaande 2013, laanel potngel joɗɗinoyde « jaabotoongel rajo » dow Apofis, mbele yimɓe ina mbaawa anndude ko siiri tolno maggel, e sahaa kala, e nder kammu he.

So tawaama haa hannde siiraani, heewɓe ina miijoo yo nde bommbe ; kono ɗuum wonaa feere moƴƴere sibu so nde fusii, ko ndeen kadi ɓuri hulɓinaade.

So pelɓondiral waɗii

Aadee heddoraa ko duuɓi 100 fat !

NJaatum neɗɗo

Aadee ko ko nattata woodde e winndere he. Alaa kombaaw-ɗen waɗde hankadi ngam falaade ɗuum. Hankadi ñaawaama ! No mbaaw-ɗen goongɗinirde kaaɗoo haala ? Jaaynde bayyinnde ɗum nde ko jaaynde ganndal heptinaande. Nde wiyetee ko Australian. Ko kayre bayyini haala ganndo gooto Ostralinaajo biyeteeɗo Frank Fenner, ceedtanaaɗo ganndal ko fayti e « ñifgol ciiri tagooje ». Omo jeyaa e «akaademi gannde» to Ostraali.

O heɓii njeenaaje keewɗe sabu wiɗtooji makko ; tee o wallifiima ko ina wona 100 winndannde ganndal siyaas. Omo yahra hannde e duuɓi 95. O heewaani haala. Ko o ganndo mawɗo ko fayti e « baylagol ciiri » (évolution), ganndal ngal o wiɗtiri e denndaangal mbaydiiji : gila e tolno ɓurɗo famɗude haa e ɓurɗo mawnude, e nder weeyo haa e taariindi.

E wiyde Fenner, ko en nattooɓe woodde sibu en keewii haa ɓurti. Ndeke kokeeweendi men jogori yooɓaade en. E wiyde Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe maa limoore men yetto miliyaaruuji 6,9 ndeeɗoo hitaande. Ko ndiiɗoo keeweendi kam e« kuutoragol men ngaluuji tago » ngol yuɓɓaani, saabotoo majjugol aadee.

Batte gadane « sifaa nguurndam men » ko ɓeyadagol nguleeki weeyo : to ooɗoo fannu kadi Fenner moƴƴinaani jikke. E miijo makko, ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo woni tawo koe fuɗɗoode mum, hay so tawii won ko puɗɗi-ɗen yiyde heen. O ɓeydi heen « Homo Sapiens ko ko majjata, ina gasa ɗoo e duuɓi 100. Ko noon kadi wonannde kullon keewkon. Tee hay huunde waawaa ɗum falaade hankadi. Mi yiɗaa haalde ɗum no feewi sibu won etotooɓe waylude geɗe ɗe ».

Wonannde Fenner, en mbaawaa daɗde ndeeɗoo fodoore : mbaaw-ɗen tan ko leeltinde huunde nde woorotaako.

Annduɓe heewɓe ina ngondi e makko e kaaɗoo haala, kono tan wonaa kamɓe fof calii wonde ko ɗum huunde nde waawaa duuñteede. Gooto e gollodiiɓe makko, biyeteeɗo Boyden, ɓuri moƴƴinde jikke. Oon wiyi « Ina gasa tawa ko Frank haali ko ina woodi, kono tan huunde e amen ina njaakorii maa aduna o faam ngonka ka, maa ɗum addan en waɗde mbayliigaaji katojinaaɗi haa njetto-ɗen ƴellitaare duumiinde. »

Fenner noon, ko e ngolɗoo konngol tan nanngtii « ko idii hannde ɓurnoo », « sukaaɓe tokosɓe yonta men hannde o kawroyta ko e aduna caɗtuɗo no feewi ».

Firo : Bookara Aamadu Bah

Ƴoogirde : slate.fr

Aksidaaji ɗaɗngaanndiiji (AVC) : Geɗe danndooje

Natal hoore e uddo ɗaɗol

Hitaande kala aksidaaji ɗaɗngaanndiiji ina njooɓoo yimɓe heewɓe. E leydi men he, alaa e men mo waasraani noon horeeru mum, maa sehil mum … Heedi wonde tan ko maayde peral : neɗɗo ina yahatnoo tan haa yana ; walla ina haalatnoo tan haa hawra e joomum mum ekn … KO sabu nguuɗoo ñawu hulɓinaade addani ngu waɗaneede ñalawma no woorunoo, tawi ko haala maggu tan haaletee heen, nguun âlngu woni 29 oktoobar garoowo o.

Hade ɗuum ina moƴƴi ngannden hol ko woni aksidaa ɗaɗngaanndiijo ? Hol maale makko e hol no o reentortee ?

Hol ko woni aksidaa ɗaɗngaanndiijo (AƊNg walla AVC) ?

AƊNg ina jogii batte bonɗe e neɗɗo, tee ko batte ɗe cellataa (woofɗo, roŋkitde haalde …), tee ina waawi yuumtude e maayde. E ko huftodini, AƊNg ina waawi ardude e fannuuji tati :

- Fannu gadano, ɓurɗo yaajde o, ko ƴiiƴam fenndotoo e nder ɗaɗi nawooji ƴiiƴam (artère) walla e nder ɓernde (enndu wusnere). Ko ndeen heɗɗere ƴiiƴam yahata haa ngaandi, sukka ɗaɗi mum, haɗa ƴiiƴam ŋabbude. So ƴiiƴam ŋabbaani ngaandi heɓataa henndu oksijeen, ɗum noon rewata heen ko maayde ngaandi e maayde neɗɗo o e hoore mum.

- Fannu ɗiɗmo o ko uddo ɗaɗol ɓalewol (veine : woni ɗaɗol nawtowol ƴiiƴam) sukkotoo, haɗa ƴiiƴam yirlaade no moƴƴi e nder ngaanndi.

- Fannu tataɓo o, ko ɗaɗi ngaandi pusata (pettata), ƴiiƴam deeloo e nder hoore, wona tuƴƴam hoore (hémorragie cérébrale), ɗuum ne kadi batte mum ko haɗde ƴiiƴam yirlaade no moƴƴi e nder ngaanndi.

Hol ko addata AVC ?

Ɗo ganndal men tolnii heen hannde, ina anndaa wonde addata AƊNg ko neenam (nebbam/nebam) mbiyeteeɗam kolesterol, maa ndeen jabet, walla simme, walla ŋabbo taasiyoŋ … won heen kadi ko doneteeɗi.

Hol maale AƊNg ?

Ngartiree hakkillaaji mon. AƊNg so toppitaama law, ina waawi waasde waɗde hay si’i gooto e mo ɗum heɓtii o. Ko ɗum addani haalooɓe Farayse innirde ñawu ngu «Agir Vite pour le Cerveau » (woni Yaawde e Ngaanndi), sibu kala hojom ina jogii nafoore mum : No ñawu ngu yaawiri safrireede fof, kono noon batte mum mbayata famɗude. Ɗum ɗoon ina ɗaɓɓi anndude maale e jeemooji maggu. Kañji ngoni :

- Jaaɗo yaawngo walla teddeendi njaawndi bannge e ɓalndu neɗɗo ;

- Roŋkere haalde walla faamde heptiinde ɗoon e ɗoon ;

- Walla kadi ustagol jiyle yitere wootere.

- Walla kadi yahdu ndu feewaani heptiindu ɗoon e ɗoon, ndu alaa daliilu, walla yande walla jiilol.

Hol ko neɗɗo foti waɗde so sikkitiima ñawu ngu

So gootel e ɗee maale heɓtimaa ma tan waɗ feere njokkondiraa ko ɓuri yaawde e nokku safaara mbele ina tiindin ma to safrirde toppitiinde safrude ñawu ngu.

BAB

Alaa ko dañaa e batu Kopenhag

Maande pottital Kopenhag

Alaa ko dañaa e batu Kopenhag : wonaa Fedde adunaare toppitiinde ngonka weeyo, wonaa payndaale laaɓtuɗe, wonande ustugol gaasuuji gaddooji seer. Obama ehuunde e hooreeɓe leyɗe kawriino e piɓondiral ngal jaɓaaka haa laaɓti e batu he, so wonaa dey, batu ngu wiyi «yiyii» ko hollitaa ko. E ndeen eɓɓaande nde 26 leyɗe ƴellitiiɗe cakkiti, ina wiyaa heen wonde ɓe teeŋtinii fayndaare

maɓɓe haaɗnude ɓeydagol nguleeki e degreeji 2, kono alaa lajal dottaa ngam yettaade ndeen fayndaare.

Kono, no wayi wayde fof, leyɗe mawɗe ɓurɗe waawde posnude weeyo ɗe, cakkitɗe ndeen winndannde, kawrii e huunde : so jooɗodaade hakkunde mum en tan (leyɗe mbaylaandi mawɗe, Dental Amerik, Orop, Siin, Inndo, Beresiil, Afrik worgo) e maayirɗe saawiyee ngam dottude, e binndol, ko gooto fof foti ustude e gaasuuji ɗi. Caggal ɗum, ɓe kawritoya ɗoo e lebbi jeegom to Almaañ, ngam heblidde batu njowitiingu e kilimaa, potngu jooɗaade to Meksiko ɗoo e hitaande.

E maayirɗe 2010, Amerik e Siin, ɓurɓe waawde posnude weeyo ɓe, kawra ngam fiɓde ko waɗɗii gooto e mum en kala ngam haɓde e ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo.

Ina wiyaa e bayyinaango politik ngo wonde ina maa booñ sose, tolniiɗo e 30 miliyaar dolaar potɗi renndude e 2010-2011-2012, e 100 miliyaar dolaar ɗo e hitaande 2020. Oon booñ waɗanaa ɗum,ko ɓuri teeŋtude, ko leyɗe ɓurɗe farwude ɗe. E miijo «Leyɗeele worgo» (ko ɓuri heewde e leyɗe pamare doole), leyɗe «rewo» njaɓɓii doosɗe Fedde ngenndiije sabu mum en diisnondirde e nder sirlu, haa nanondiri e koye mum en.

Sabu nanondiral kuftodinngal waasde heɓeede, batu ngu wiyi wonde «teskiima» nanondiral Kopenhag. Wonande pelle daraniiɗe kisal sato, ko waɗi ko, ko huunde yurminiinde, sibu ina wayi no «yimɓe nduttiima caggal», so ƴeewdaama e ko dañanoo e batu Kiyotoo.

Hol nde oo ngoƴa feeñi ?

Caɗeele jotondirɗe e kuutoragol karbon puɗɗii teskeede ko e feccere ɗiɗmere teeminannde 19ɓiire. Ɗum ardi ko mbaylaandi. Ina teskaa wonde nguleeki leydi fuɗɗii ɓeydaade ko e kitaale 1920, ɗum deŋi hade mum fuɗɗitaade ɓeydaade e kitaale 1970. Joɗnde adannde yowitiinde e kilimaa (ngonka weeyo) jooɗii ko e 1985 to Wien (Vienne). Goomu karalleeɓe kalfinaangu reende ngonka weeyo (Giec) sosaa ko e hitaande 1988. Ngu woni ko e njiimaandi Fedde ngenndiije. Ngu fuɗɗii ko jeertinde winndere nde e batte kuutoragol won ɗeen geɗe ɓeydooje nguleeki ko e hitaande 2007. Ɗum jeyi sabaabu ngu rokkaa njeenaari Nobel e ndeen hitaande. E hitaande 1992, 131 hooreejo leydi ndennti to Rio de Janeiro to Beresiil, ngam ɓamde tuugnorgal baɗngal 2 500 bagginooje wonande teeminannde 21ɓiire, ngam ustugol jeñtingol ɗeen geɗe ɓeydooje nguleeki. E lewru desammbar 1997, 84 dowla ciifi ko anndiraa piɓondiral Kiyoto. Leyɗeele mbaylaandi kunii ustude biimtagol gaasuuji 6 gaddooji «seer». E noowammbar 2009, 187 leydi njaɓii nanondiral ngal. Leyɗe bayɗe no Inndo e Siin njiɗaano nawdeede e leyɗe ɓooyɗe e mbaylaandi (ɓooyɗe posnude weeyo) haa njettii ɗo njettii hannde ɗo. E oon sahaa, Amerik e Siin e Riisi e Inndo ɓuri fof heewde ko posnata weeyo. Ɗum haɗaani Siin e Inndo siifde nanondiral ngal. Riisi noon ɗeɓaani, sabu mum hulde hoto ɗum telɓinde ƴellitaare mum. Ndi wattini ko jaɓde siifde e hitaande 2004. Nii woni nanondiral ngal waawi fuɗɗaade siyneede e febariyee 2005. E hitaande 2007, joɗnde yuɓɓinaa to Indonoosi, dumunna seeɗa caggal caaktugol ciimtol nayaɓol Goomu haralleeɓe Giec ngoonɗinngu wonde saabii ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo ko gaasuuji gaddooji seer. Fiɓaa endeen joɗnde ko ciifgol nanondiral adunankeewal potngal lomtaade nanondiral Kiyoto, e batu Kopenhag.

Hannde, o eɗen mbaawi wiyde wonde alaa heen ko laatii.

Batu Kopenhag e baylagol ngonka weeyo

Ayaawo hollitoowo "ɓeydagol nguli leydi" (vulgariz.com)

Pottital mawngal udditii ñalnde 7 desammbar to Kopenhag, leydi Danemark. Ngal woni pottital ɓurngal mawnude jowitiingal e kilimaa (Ngonkaweeyo) caggal pottital baɗnongal to Kiyoto, leydi Japon, ngal nanondire mum puɗɗii siyneede e hitaande 2005. Fayndaare ndeeɗoo joɗnde ko etaade dañde nanondiral adunankeewal ngam ustugol gaasuuji gaddooji ko wiyetee «seer» ko. 193 leydi mbismaama e joɗnde he ngam lelnude kuule ustooje geɗe ɓeydooje nguleeki. Huunde saɗtunde nde tawnoo faggudu leyɗe keewɗe ko heen tuugii (Amerik e Siin walla leyɗe jogiiɗe petroŋ).

Batte baylagol ngonka weeyo ina keewi no feewi. Won heen nii en puɗɗiima teskaade ɗum en. Kono, e tonngol, ɗeeɗoo batte ko heen njeyaa, hay so tawii en mbaawaa huɓindaaɗe ɗe kañje kala.

- Ilam ɓurtuɗam : Amooji mawɗi ina mbaawi kewde sabu ɓeydagol feto geecuuji ngol saabii caaygol galasuuji gulli leydi. En puɗɗiima nii teskaade ɗuum, sibu e kitaale jawtuɗe ɗe, ina teskaa toɓooli ina ɓeydoo fotde 7% hitaande kala. Sabaabu ɗee geɗe fof noon ko ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo. Yanti e ɗuum, ina teskaa wonde musibbaaji mawɗi bayɗi no keneeli ɓurtuɗi (yeru duleendu wiyeteendu «Katerinaa»), ɓeydiima fotde laabi nay e nder duuɓi 20 fat.

- Nguleeki ɓurtuki : ɗum ko batte ɓurɗe yiytinaade e yaawde. E duuɓi ɓennuɗi ɗi, nguleeki warii yimɓe to Orop. Batte majjum e cellal ina keewi : eɗum waawi addude ñawbuuli, walla ɓeydude ɗum en, ko wayi no ñawbuuli poofaango (Aasma ekn …) walla warde ɗoon e ɗoon.

- Bonnugol dunli : Leɗɗe ko mooftirgel ko wiyetee karbon ko, sibu leɗɗe guurɗe ina njagga gaas karbonik, moofta ɗum. Tee oon gaas ina jeyaa e geɗe caabotooɗe ɓeydagol nguleekiweeyo. Ndeke leɗɗe ina laɓɓina henndu poofaten ndu. Teskaama noon, hitaande kala, fotde 13 miliyoŋ hektaar dunli ina maaya. Ko ɗum tagi ustagol leɗɗe ngol ina addana posone ɓeydaade heewde e weeyo, jiidaa e ko ɗum ɓeydata nguleeki ko. So tawii yimɓe ina njiɗi ɓeydo nguleeki waasa ɓurde 2°C (degreeji ɗiɗi Celsus), alaa e sago dunli kisnee. Hannde o, ina wiyee wonde tagofeere men nde (leydi) jogii ko bumsuɗe ɗiɗi (foofirta ko nokkuuji ɗiɗi) : dunli Amasoni (to Amerik worgo) e dunli Afrik hakkundeejo. Ɗum jiidaa e ko ɗi moofti ko, so kullon keewkon e eddaaji puɗi keewɗi, ɗi nafoore mum en e kisal leydi ina mawni no feewi. En kaalaani kadi wonde ko ina wona miliyaar e 600 miliyoŋ aadee nguuri ko e geɗe ummotooɗe e ɗiin dunli.

- Ƴergol geecuuji : Eɗen mbaawi yiyrude ɗum e sifaaji ɗiɗi. Sifaa gadano o : 22 miliyoŋ ton gaas karbonik caayooji ñalawma kala e nder geecuuji ina ɓeyda «kaaɗeeki» ndiyam mum. Ɗum ina wara won ɗiin puɗi ɗi won ɗiin liɗɗi nguurnoo, walla kadi wara won koon kullon ndiyam, kon kullon ngoɗkon nguurnoo. Sikke alaa, ɗuum so rewii, batte mum ina njettoo nguurndam kala ko tagaa. Sifaa ɗiɗmo o, ko ɓeydagol ƴerngo geecuuji e fawaade e sababuuji ɗiɗi. Sabaabu gadano o, nguleeki ina ɓeyda feto kala ndeelam (ndiyam ina liroo sabu nguleeki). Yanti e ɗuum, nguleeki ki ina saayna galaasuuji gonɗi e gulli leydi. Ɗaam caayam yantata ko e geecuuji, ɓeyda feto mum en. Batte ɗumɗoo ko ɓeyadagol tooweeki geecuuji e kujjitgol duuɗe e gure gonɗe daande geec. Yeru, Nuwaasoot.

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Cellal : Njegenaawe, sabbundu ñoŋkoto

Njegenaawe

Muumaa njegenaawe. Ko konngol cifotoongol huunde yooɗirde dow, kono tawa so a humpitiima ko woni nder mum koo, a añtat. Waɗi noon, alaa fof ko loowetaake e njegenaawe, gila e tekke, laaɓɗe e tunwuɗe, haa e cetetine leɗɗe, walla, ko wattindii ko, epoos. Eɗen paama tan, hay so boowal njegenaawe siŋkete, suɗee, to nder too, ñoŋkoto fof ina waawi toon hoɗde.

Ɗum jiidaa e warñeende aflotooɓe e ñitte mum en, joodi mum en, cukuli mum en, kaakte mum en, tuundi ɓalli mum en, ekn … En mbaawaa limtude fof. Njaafo-ɗon, wonaa yiɗde bonnude ɓerɗe mon, kono, eɗen cikki tan, alaa majjuɗo ko haalaa ɗoo koo.

Opitaal gooto ina to London (Angalteer), ina wiyee ‘Saint-Bartholomew’, kam e nokku ina toon ina wiyee NHS (National Health Service) Trust, woni Sarwiis Ngenndi toppitiiɗo ko fayti e Cellal, ina mbaɗi heen wiɗto. Njeñtudi ngoon wiɗto, ko yiyti koo, so a haalanama ɗum, so a reenaaki a wontaa aflo njegenaawe. So wonaa taw kay ko njegenaawe keso, walla tawa ko guppaaɗo haa laaɓi ko ɓooyaani koo. Waɗi noon, ko ɓe tawii, ko ina abboo e 100 000 ciiri kullon e mborosaaji keewɗi ina cabbina heen.

E wiyde wiɗtooɓe ɓee, ko ina tolnoo e tataɓal njegenaawe baaldeteeɗo, ko koon kullon, won heen na nguuri, won heen nguuraani, walla focco mum en, wondude e tuundi e lare nguru ɓalndu maayɗe, kam e mborosaaji goɗɗi. Ina jeyaa e mborosaaji tawaaɗi heen, mboros bonɗo ina wiyee SARM – mo leɗɗe biyeteeɗe antibiotik alaa ko mbaawi e mum, kam e mboros keewɗo haaleede e ɗee balɗe ina wiyee E. Choli, ɗum jiidaa e wirisaaji keewɗi, haa arti noon e wirus gaddoowo girip oo, walla sooynamo oo, walla bade : ko ina wona 30 ciirol.

Ɓe mbiyi, «ɗum ko huunde nde bettaani», sibu njegenaawe ko nokku kenaniiɗo, coñcuɗo ngam biltugol kullon tokoñillon. Ko yaree na ɗoon, ɗum woni warñeende men, gonɗi men, tuutaaɗe ɗojjo men, islaali men. Ko ñaamee kadi na tawee ɗoon, nde tawnoo kobje nguru maayɗe ceerataa e ɗakkitaade e ɓalli men. Nokku oo ina soñti, sibu o wayi ko no sabbundu nii, walla wooforde nii, sabu nguleeki ɓalli men.»

Wiyi tef mborosaaji !

Jooni noon, ɓe tawii ɗum ɓuri hulɓinaade e fantude fof ko e opitaaluuji ɗo senaare ŋakki. Kamɓe haralleeɓe ɓee, ɓe mbiyi, e fawaade e ko jangtaa koo fof, neɗɗo foti reenirde njegenaawe mum, ko no reenirta coccorgal mum nii, fotaani renndude ɗum hay gooto. Yo yimɓe kuutorto njegenaawuuji moƴƴi, baawɗi wuppaade, tee potɗi wuppeede ko famɗi fof laawol gootol e nder lebbi tati, tawi kadi ina mbaylee hitaande kala. Ɓe mbiyi, ɓe luulndaaki liirde mbertudi e njegenaawuuji e naange, kono ɗuum alaa ko waawani kullon nguurkon heen kon.

Kullon tawteekon e njegenaawe kon, mbiyetee e Farayse ko «acarien». Mi anndaa no mbiyaten ɗum e Pulaar. Kono ko kullon tokoñillon (kon njiyotaako so wonaa e lonngorɗe), nguurowon e nokkuuji ɓaytuɗi, gulɗi, ko wayi no mbertateeri. Ko kankon caabotoo ñawbuuli «calagol» (allergie). Kon keewi battinde ko e poofirɗe neɗɗo (aasma walla ñawu maɓɓo). Konɗoo kullon tookaaka, kono tan focco mum en ina waawi addande ɓalndu waɗtude tinde won ɗeen geɗe. Ko ɗum waɗi yimɓe wasiyeede yo udditat cuuɗi mum en haa njiya naange, henndu naata heen, yo piɗɗat mbertateeri mum en e njegenaawuuji mum en. Kon nguuri ko guri ɓalli men, hono lare maayɗe ceŋtotooɗe heen ɗe (no segene yaltirta e ceɓɓitee nii, ko noon guri maayɗi njaltirta e nguru ɓalndu)

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Ko woni E. Choli ? (Escharichia Coli)

E dumunna ɓennuɗo oo, ina gasa tawa on nanii wonde, hedde Orop too (haa teeŋti to Almaañ), waɗiino balɗe yimɓe kultiino toon ñaamde won ɗiin sewo sewooji, ko nanndi e ndenon mbiyeteekon kurset walla salaat … Sabiinoo ɗum ko ñawu ina feeñnoo toon, tawi saabii ɗum ko kullel tokoñillel biyeteengel E. Choli.

E. Choli ko bakteri taweteeɗo e dolirgol jawdi ngaaƴtotoondi. So jawdi ndi jaañtii ngel yaltida e dubuuje mum, ngel saroo e diƴƴe e ñaamndu. So neɗɗo ñaamii ndiin ñamri tawi defaaka walla ɓenndaani, ina waawi ngel naata e mum (teewu, kosam ɗam fasnaaka, legimaaji kecci, ndiyam ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe keccam ekn …). Omo waawi kadi raaɓrude ummaade e neɗɗo feewde e neɗɗo. Ɗum na jeyaa e ko addanta yimɓe wasiyeede yo cooɗorto juuɗe mum en saabunnde.

Hol no anndirtee E. Choli tookaaɗo oo fiɗii neɗɗo ? Ɗum fuɗɗortoo ko muus reedu, rewa heen ndogu reedu. Ina hasii joomum sella tawa safraaki boom. Heen sahaaji kadi eɗum waawi wontude ñawu teeŋtungu, joomum waya no tampuɗo nii, ɗaasɗa.

Hol ko woni bakteri ? Innde bakteri nde, e lasli, firata ko ɓanel –batonnet-). Baketeri ko kullel baɗngel toɓɓere wootere, nde alaa aaludere. Ɗeɓi wayde tan ko no caawgel nii. Ko kullel ngel wonaa puɗol, ngel wonaa jawdi, Alaa ɗo ngel tawetaaka, haa arti noon e nder neɗɗo. Ko ina tolnoo e 1012 bakteri ina kuurii e ɓalndu neɗɗo ; Fotde 1010 ina e hunuko neɗɗo, fotde 1014 ina tawee e tekteki neɗɗo. Ko ɓuri heewde e majji tookaaka, walla nii ina keewani en nafoore. Ina waɗi heen noon tookaaɗi, ko nanndi e gaddooji koleraa ɗii, walla ɗoyru ekn… Bakteriiji ina kuutoree kadi ngam laɓɓinde diƴƴe kuutoraaɗe, walla e peewnugol yaawuraaji e geɗe goɗɗe keewɗe.

BAB

Kelmeendi

Toɓɓere : cellule
Aaludere : noyau
10¹² = 1 000 000 000 000 (ujunere miliyaar)
10¹⁴ = 100 000 000 000 000 (teemedere ujunere miliyaar)

Cellal : ɓuuɓri (soofde ƴiiƴam)

Silsil raaɓo ñawu nguu

Ñawu ngu ina sarii e winndere ndee fof. Mborosaaji gaddooji ñawu nguu ko nay :

Mboros mo wofnde “schistosomiase haematobium”
Mboros mo tektekol “schistosomiase mansoni”
“schistosomiase Japonicum”
“schistosomiase intercalatum”

Ɗiɗi gadani ɗi ina ngoodi e nder duunde Afrik ɓaleeɓe e raneeɓe. Ɗiɗi cakkitiiɗi ɗi ngoni ko e diiwanuuji Orop e fuɗnaange goɗɗuɗo, hono Asi (Japon ekn …).

So tawii ko ɓuuɓri wofnde, mborosaaji ɗi ngonata ko e wofnde ñawɗo o.

Hol no ñawu ngu raaɓrata ?

Gonduɗo e ñawu ngu soofa e nokku ɗo diƴƴe ngoni ko wayi no mayo, caaɗli, mbalkaaji, beeli ɗi ɓeeɓataa, kañum e dowrumaaji e gaawi ilnooji gese demeteeɗe. Kanko ñawɗo o, so o soofii ɗo diƴƴe ngoni, taare makko ɗe ina mbaɗi ɓoccooɗe mborosaaji ɗi. Ɗeen ɓoccooɗe so naatii e ndiyam ɗam toccina mburɓulon “schistosoma”. Konɗoo mburɓulon kawra e ɓiɗɓe guje walla bamɗi kooñolli nder ndiyam he, ɗi pillitoo (njeña) e jaajongol majji. Koon mbarakon kuwa e majji haa heewa, ɗi ngonta mburɓaaji “furcocercaires”. Jooni noon neɗɗo celluɗo oo ara ɓuftoo e ndiyam mbaɗɗam mborosaaji ɗi. Mborosaaji ɗi naata e nder nguru ɓalndu makko, ɗi ndewa e ɗaɗi ƴiiƴam, ɗi paya to wofnde. So ɗi njettiima wofnde, dewol ngol e gorol ngol mbirnodoo, njibina haa heewa. Ɓiɗɓe ɓe nguurata ko e wofnde, eɗi ciiɓoo ƴiiƴam joom mum.

Sifaaji ñawu ngu

En mbiyiino so joom mum lootiima e ndiyam mbaɗɗam mburmaaji, ɗi naata e nder ɓalndu joom mum, o aree ŋato-ŋato, joom mum ŋaañoo, ɓalndu mum waɗa ɗaale ɗaale, aree nduwaaki. So ɗi njettiima bumsuɗe fayde ɓooƴe, joom mum aree ƴeram becce (Aasma mo duumaaki) mo hulɓinaaki, ɓalndu mum wona e muusde seeɗa, aree ƴakkuru, faawnga, aree ngaameela.

So ɗi njibinii e nder wofnde nde, nde waɗta muusde, nde miira walla suma (brûlures vesicales), joom mum waɗta soofde ƴiiƴam caggal taare mum (hématurie terminale).

So ñawu ngu bontii to debbo e to gorko, ina adda caɗeele coofgol, wofnde nde ñawa, ina waawi areede dammbo kaaye. Ñawu ngu ina adda ƴiiƴo kañcudi e ñawu bolol kañcudi. Ɓooƴe joom mum ñawa, ɓoggi ɓooƴe ñawa, adda ndimaraagu to debbo e to gorko kala. Usta ngoraagu e ndewaagu.

Hol no ndeentorto-ɗen ?

En mbiyiino to adan wonde mboros o wiltata ko e nder diƴƴe. Ndeke noon gonduɗo e mboros o, woni ñawɗo o, fotaani soofde e nokkuuji ɗo diƴƴe ngoni. Nguura mbarokon mbiyeteekon ɓiɗɓe guje bamɗi kooñolli. So neɗɗo ñawii foti ko yahde to safrirde. Ɓeen, caggal nde njuurnitii kaaye makko, tawi omo wondi heen, mbinndana mo safaara mum.

Ɗeeɗoo leɗɗe ina ngoodi : Ancomalin, Ambilar (ɗiiɗoo nattii huutoreede) e Biltricide walla Praziquantel.

Sammba Gata Bah

Daartol : Seek Anta Joop e golle mum

Seek Anta Joop

Seek Anta Joop jibinaa ko ñalnde 29 desammbar 1923 to Ceytu diiwaan Jurbel to Senegaal. Nde o dañi duuɓi 30 o yahi Pari ngam janngoyde fisik e Simi (physique et chimie) kono o wayli o faati e daartol e ganndal renndo. Ɗoon ɗoon miijo makko heertini, sibu yoga e oropnaaɓe mbiyatnoo ko Afriknaaɓe ngalaa daartol. E nder wiɗto makko ngam heɓde doktoraa o holliti wonde idii hoɗde e Ejipte ndeen ko ɓaleeɓe Afrik, caggal ɗum ɗemngal e pinal Ejipt carii e nder Afrik hirnaange.

Ndee ɗoon deftere, anndiraande Ngenndiije ɓaleeɓe e pinal (Nations nègres et culture), dañii daraja mawɗo e winndere nde.

Nde tawnoo omo huɓindii gannde keewɗe, dalillaaji ɗi o hokki ngam dallinde ngooɗoo miijo ina tuugii e ganngal leƴƴi e ganndal ganni e pinal. Nii woni o holliti wonde Ejiptnaaɓe e ɓaleeɓe njiidi tagoodi (nguru ɓanndu, leeɓi, kine e toni). O holliti kadi pinal Ejiptnaaɓe ɓuri ɓallaade ko pinal Afirik ɓaleeɓe, kadi ɗemngal Wolof kam e hoore mum ina nanndi no feewi e ɗemngal Ejiptnaaɓe kaalatnoo ndeen ngal. Gaa-gaa ɗumɗoon Joop daraniima ndimaagu leyɗe Afrik kam e yo Afrik fof won leydi ngootiri. Nde o arti Senegaal o jokki wiɗtooji makko to Iniwersitee Ndakaaru, haa arti to bannge jiidigal Egiptnaaɓe e Afriknaaɓe.

E nder kitaale 1970 UNESCO halfini mo binndol huunde e deftere wiyeteende "Daartol Kuftodinngol Afrik" winndude, damal jowitiingal e iwdi Ejiptnaaɓe. Nii woni, e ngoon yeeso, o tawtoraa e hitaande 1974 batu winndereyankeewu njuɓɓinanoongu to Keer ngam binndol ngool daartol. Caggal gostondiral miijooji, fanniyankooɓe ɓurɓe maantinde e winndere nde (so wonaa gooto) kawri wonde geɗe ɗo o holliti, kanko e Teofil Obenga, jowitiiɗe e jiidigal hakkunde pinal Ejip ndeen e pinal Afrik, ina ngoodi. Porfeseer Jean Vercoutter wiyi : "to bannge binndol e pinal e hakilantaagal, Ejipt ko e Afrik jeyaa". Ko noon ne wonande Porfeseer Leclant. Kono tan haa hannde annduɓe ɓe ina luurdi to bannge anndude mbele woɗnooɓe e Ejipt ndeen ɓe ko ɓaleeɓe tan walla ko jilluɓe. Porfeseer Seek Anta Joop sankii ko ñalnde 7 feebariyee 1986 to Ndakaaru. Hol dalillaaji ɗi Seek Anta Joop rokki ngam dallinde ngal jiidigal ?

“Afrik, mbootu winndere”

E wiyde Seek Anta Joop, neɗɗo (homo sapiens) idii feeñde ko e Afrik e nokkuuji tolniiɗi ŋori nguleeki ɗi. Annduɓe heewɓe noon ina ceedtii ɗum. E wiyde makko, ɗum noon, homo sapiens ko ɓaleejo foti wonde, sibu, e tuugnaade e doosgal “Gloger” (ganndo wiyaa noon), tagoore wuurnde e ɗiin nokkuuji ɓalli mum en ina ɓula ngeɗon, ko wiyetee «melaaniin» (mélanine) ngam faddanaade ɗum en cereeli naange. Ko oon melaaniin noon hokkata ɓalndu goobu mum ɓaleewu ngu. Nii woni, so en ndewii miijo Seek Anta, duuɓi ujunnaaje keewɗe, ko ɓaleeɓe tan nguurnoo e Aduna o, tawi kadi ko e Afrik tan, nokku ɗo ƴiye yimɓe jiyteteeɗe ɓuri fof ɓooyde e leydi, fotde kitaale 150 000. E nder duuɗe keddiiɗe ɗe, ƴiye ɓurɗe ɓooyɗe jiytaaɗe, duuɓi mum en ɓuraani 100 000 hitaande. E sifaa kuftodinɗo, ƴiye jiyteteeɗe e Afrik ɗe ɓuri ɓooyde. Aɗa ɓeydoo woɗɗitaade Afrik tan noon, ƴiye yimɓe jiyteteeɗe ɗe duuɓi mumina ɓeydoo famɗude. Alaa fof ko yiytaa haa hannde ko luulndii ngalɗoo doosgal ganndiraangal «Out of Africa». Nde tawnoo Afrik ina yaaji no feewi (30 miliyoŋ kiloomeeteer cowaaɗo), ina sikkaa tagoore nde ƴellitiima ɗo e nder duuɓi keewɗi. Ina teskaa boom wonde ubbitte walla batte (ƴiye jiyteteeɗe) bannge fuɗnaange walla bannge worgo Afrik ɓuri ɓooyde e ubbitte jiyteteeɗo bannge hirnaange walla rewo Afrik ɗe. Njaajeendi ndeeɗoo duunde e ceertugol ngonkaaji weeyo mum, addii ceertugol yimɓe to bannge mbaydi e darnde e tagoodi. E nder duuɓi ujunnaaji dewɗi heen, hankadi yimɓe ɓe ngoni e uujde faade duuɗe goɗɗe, ɓurɗe ɓallaade, ko wayi no Asii walla Orop. E wiyde Joop, so tawii ko Afrik woni «mbootu winndere», ndeke pinal ummorii ko Afrik. Ndeke wonaa daartol tan Afrik jogii; Afrik woni fuɗɗoode, ko Afrik woni mbootu. Haa e feccere teeminannde noogasiire (Teeminannde XX), ngooɗoo miijo Seek Anta Joop ina luurondirnoo no feewi e ko annduɓe mbayyintunoo ko, gila noon e Hegel, Hume, Kant, Rousseau, Hobbes, ekn … Nii woni, deftere makko wiyeteende “Nations nègres e culture” woni go’o to bannge luggiɗgol wiɗto daartol Afrik gadiingol dahngo ɓaleeɓe (traites négrières) e sahaaji ɓurɗi ɓooyde. Ina sikkaa noon ko waylowaylooji weeyo ngaddi uujooji aadee, faade duuɗe goɗɗe, ɗum ɗoon noon ko fawaade e keɓagol nguura (jawdi e leɗɗe), e rewrude e nokkuuji ɓurɗi newaade taccude (détroit Aden, Isthme Suees, détroit Gibraltar). Ndeke so wiyaama wonde ko e Afrik neɗɗo idii jarribaade karallaagal paytungal e ndema, alaa ko haawnii heen. Nii woni, ko ɗo e Afrik tafngo fuɗɗorii, mahngo fuɗɗorii, nehngo fuɗɗii, ndema e ndefu puɗɗorii hade mum en saraade feewde nokkuuji goɗɗi.

BAB

Ƴoogirde : wikipédia

Seek Anta Joop : Ejipteyaagal e Afrikyaagal

Seek Anta Joop e nder Biro mum

Jiydigal mbaadi

E wiyde Seek Anta Joop, pinal ejiptnaaɓe e pinal ɓaleeɓe Afrik ko gootal. Won annduɓe woɗɓe kaali hono ɗuum, ko wayi no Herodote, Strabon walla Shampolliyon. O wiyi kadi wonde ejiptnaaɓe, e nder ɗemngal mum en, cifortonoo koye mum ko leñol ɓaleeɓe (ɓaleejo/kam). O dalliniri ɗum ko natal gootal gannominngal gorko e debbo ina njooɗii tawi firo mum ko nii "dental worɓe e rewɓe ɓaleeɓe"…

Hol ko addani Ejiptnaaɓe waawde seerndude koye mum en e heddiiɓe ɓe, e fawaade e mbaadi mum en ? Hay yimɓe Elam (ko nokku wiyaa noon to Iran) ɓe nganndu-ɗaa kam e Ejiptaaɓe njiydi sahaa, mbiyatnoo koye mum en ko Sag Gig, woni "Koye ɓaleeje" walla "Jeese ɓaleeje".

Jiydigal ɗemɗe

To bannge jiydigal ɗemngal, dalillaaji Joop ina peccoo e daawe ɗiɗi. Daawal gadanal ngal, ko ɗo o etotoo dallinde wonde ɗemngal kaaletenoongal Ejipt ndeen ngal jeyaaka e e ɗemɗe afrik-asii. Bannge goɗɗo o, o etii dallinde jiidigal hakkunde ɗemngal Ejipt ɓooyngal ngal e ɗemɗe kaaleteeɗe e Afrik ɓaleeɓe hannde ɗe. Nii woni, e miijo Joop kam e Obennga, ɗemɗe ɓaleeɓe Afrik hannde ɗe e ɗemngal Ejipt ndeen ngal njiydi iwdi.

Seek Anta Joop muuyni ko Wolof, o janngii ɗemngal Ejipt ɓooyngal ngal e tuma nde o janngata "Ejipteyaagal" (Egyptologie). Ko ɗum addani mo waawde teskaade nanndooji hakkunde ɗemɗe ɗiɗi ɗe, o woni e wiɗtude ngam anndude mbele ko ko hawriti tan, walla ko jiggondiral walla ko jiidigal woni hakkunde ɗee ɗemɗe. Yeru nanndooji hakkunde ɗemɗe ɗiɗi ɗe, Kemeciyee (Kemetien) woni ɗemngal Ejipt ndeen e Wolof :

Kemetiyee Wolof Firo e Pulaar

nad lad naamndaade

nah lah reende (suurde)

benben bel bel feeñde.

Hono ɗii yeruuji ngasataa. E sifaa kuftodinɗo, ina teskaa kala kelme nannduɗe gowlugol, njiidi maanaa. Joop teskii tolnondiral hakkunde "n" Kemaciyee e "l" Wolof, walla hakkunde "nd" Kemaciyee e "ld" Wolof. Karallo mawɗo ko fayti e ɗemɗiyaagal to bannge daartol gooto, biyeteeɗo Ferdinaa de Sosuur (Ferdinand de Saussure) wiyi wonde hono ɗiiɗoo nanndooji meeɗaa wonde kawrital ɓolal, ko ɗum doosgal nii to bannge ɗemɗiyaagal ganndiraangal "sound laws".

Joop yondikinaaki e ɗuum tan, sibu o wiyi wonde o teskiima jiidigal to bannge lelngo e to bannge celluka hakkunde Wolof e Ejipt ɓooyɗo. Tee ɗeen doosɗe tolnondiral walla nanndooji teskaaɗi hakkunde Kemeciyee e Wolof, ngoodaani hakkunde Kemeciyee e ɗemɗe keddiiɗe ɗe, ko wayi no Hebree, Arab walla Berbeer. Obennga teskiima wonde ɗiiɗoo nanndooji ina ngoodi hakkunde Kemaciyee e ɗemɗe ɓaleeɓe Afrik keewɗe, haa arti noon hakkunde ɗemngal makko (Mboshi) e Kemaciyee. Ganndo biyeteeɗo Um Ndigi teskiima ɗum e Basaa (ɗemngal makko), Abuubakri Muusaa Lam waɗii wiɗtooji bayɗi noon e ɗemngal Pulaar. Ina wayi no Alin Anselin (Alain Anselin) teskiima nanndooji keewɗi, duumiiɗi, to bannge celluka ɗemngal, to bannge weeso e to bannge lelngo hakkunde ɗemngal Ejipyt ndeen e ɗemɗe ɓaleeɓe Afrik.

E wiyde Teofil Obennga, hay ganndo ɗemɗiyaagal daartol gooto yeddaani walla yiytaani ko luulndii wiɗtooji maɓɓe, kanko e Joop. Ɗumɗoo noon, e miijo makko, waawi wonde tan ko jiggondiral hakkunde ɗemɗe hoɗduɓe duuɓi ujunnaaji keewɗi. Yanti heen, waasde ɗemɗe biyaaɗe ɗe jiidude yonta, tawi kadi nokkuuji ɗo kaaletee ɗo ina ndeestondiri, ko daliilu goɗɗo wonande ngaal jiidigal hakkunde Ejiptnaaɓe ndeen e ɓaleeɓe Afrik. "Sabu pooɗtondiral nokkuuji ɗi, sikkaaka so tawii ko luɓondiral hakkunde ɗemɗe toɗɗingal lelngo e gowlugol e kelmeendi. Ɗum firti ko so tawii nanndi keewɗi teskaaɗi hakkunde ɗemngal Ejipt e yonta firawna en kam e kopte (copte) e ɗemɗe ɓaleeɓe Afrik hannde ɗe, ina yaakoraa woni ɗoon ko jiidigal. Nii woni daawal ɓilingal hakkunde ɗeeɗoo ɗemɗe, fotde 5000 hitaande, ko daliilu tiiɗɗo wonande jerondiral majje.

Ƴoogirde : Wikipédia

Firo BAB

Daartol ɗanle weeyo.

Laana Riis en mbiyeteeka "Miir" ka

Ko ñalnde 20 sulyee 1969 koyɗol mawngol laatinoo goonga, Ameriknaaɓe ɗiɗo, hono Neil Amstrong e Edwin Aldrin mbinndi e daartol winndere nde kewu mo yaawataa yejjiteede. Oon ñalawma ko teskinɗo sibu, so en teyii mbiyen wonde ɗum hirjinii aadee, hokkii ɗum softeende jokkude golle ganndal ngam faamde e eeltude sato mum, sato ɓalliingo e woɗɗungo fof, ɓurngo mawnude e ɓurngo famɗude kala, ɓurngo faaɗde e ɓurngo yaajde kala.

Aadee jooɗiima ko juuti ina sikka wonde ko leydi men ndi woni wuddu tago, ina sikka wonde naange e koode fof ko kam en taarotoo leydi. Ɓooyaani ko nganndu-ɗen leydi men ndi ko geɗel tokosel, tokoñillel e nder weeyo ngo miijo aadee waawaa huɓindaade, hakke mawnugol mum, hakke pamɗugol kadi geɗe mum. Ko heen nganndu-ɗen wonde naange men nge ko hoodere. Koode ɗe, gaa gaa naange men nge, ina ngoɗɗi leydi men ndi no feewi : ɓurɗe ɓallaade en ɗe hakkunde mum en e naange ina wona 40 000 miliyaar kiloomeeteer. Faru (galaxie) mo ngon-ɗen e mum o, ina waɗi ko ina wona 100 miliyaar hoodere (naange). Annoore ina waawi dogde 100 000 hitaande gaynaani njuuteendi faru men o ; nde doga ko ɓuri 10 000 hitaande nde gaynaani tekkeendi makko. Ƴeewaa noon, annoore ina doga, e nder leƴƴannde wootere fotde 300 000 km (woni miliyaar e capanɗe jeetati miliyoŋ kiloomeeteer e nder waktu gooto) !

Ganndal tago, ɗum noon ganndal leydi men ndi e lewru waɗii daawe mawɗe ummaade 1957 feewde jooni, ɗum ko sabu ko wiyetee satelitaaji (ko mbiyaten fiisee ko) taarotooɗi leydi. Kaɓirɗe gonɗe e ɗiin satelitaaji ina nelda leydi kabaruuji keewɗi jowitiiɗi e ganndal ngal nafoore mum alaa ɗo haaɗi. Nii woni ina anndaa wonde lewru yowitii ko e leydi, ɗum firti ko lewru rewi tan ko e leydi ina taaroo ɗum, hono no leydi ndi e hoore mum taarortoo naange nii. Nder balɗe 27 e waktuuji 7 e hojomaaji 43 fof lewru ina arta ɗo tolninoo e weeyo (leydi kam ne firlotoo naange ko e nder balɗe 365 e waktuuji 6) ; kono noon lewru maayrata ko balɗe 29 e feccere. Yolnde hakkunde leydi e lewru ina millee e 384 454 km. Tekkeendi lewru ina wona kam ne 3 490 km. Tekkeendi leydi men ndi ko hedde 12 800 km. Leydi ina sowoo lewru, to bannge mawnugol fotde laabi 50. Ina sikkaa maale ndiyam nani toon. Kala nokku gonɗo e lewru ina yiya naange (wona e ñalawma) balɗe 14 e feccere, wona ko foti noon e nder niɓɓere (jamma). Ñalawma toon ina wuli haa ɓurti (alaa ko faddotoo cereeli naange), jammaaji mum ina jaangi haa ɓurti (fotde -150°C). Ko ɗum tagi yahooɓe toon ɓe ina njogii comci keeriiɗi ɓoornotoo. Jamɗe biyeteeɗe koymet (Alimiñoom) e njamndi ɓaleeri, kalsiyoom e mañesiyoom e tentaan ina tawee toon. Nduufdi lewru jogii ko sifaa ceenal leppungal.

Ɗum noon 20 sulyee 1969 ko ñalngu mawngu wonande winndere ndee kala, ko ñalngu poolgu neɗɗo e hare ganndal, kono kadi ko ñalnde heen Amerik daɗtii Dental Sowiyet (Riisi) e fannu weeyiyankaagal.

Danndu mawndu hakkunde ɗee leyɗe ɗiɗi ngam « laamaade » weeyo wonaa ñalnde heen fuɗɗii : ndu fuɗɗii ko caggal ñifgol jeyli hare adunankoore ɗiɗmere (39-45). Ndutto-ɗen heen seeɗa :

Ɗo adan ɗo ko Riisi en keednoo yeeso, ndaɗnoo seeɗa, sibu, ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1957 ɓe mberlii fisee maɓɓe gadano biyeteeɗo Spoutnik1, caggal ɗum, ñalnde 3 noowammbar 1957 kadi ɓe mberlii Spoutnik2, e ɓe njolni heen fittaandu, hono dawangel biyeteengel Laïka.

Ko maa ñalnde 1/02/1958 Amerik kam ne werlii (walla mbiyen lotti) fisee biyeteeɗo Explorer1. Kono Riis en taƴti daawal goɗngal, sibu ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1959 satelit maɓɓe biyeteeɗo Lunik-III waawii portilde (fotde) bannge lewru birniiɗo en o, mo anndananooka hay dara o. Ɓe ɗimmiti kadi ñalnde 12 feebariyee 1961, ɓe mberlii satelit maɓɓe gadano jolnuɗo neɗɗo, hono Vostok1 : yahnoo e kaan laana ko biyeteeɗo Youri Gagarine.

Ameriknaaɓe keptii ɓe e ɗuum ko ñalnde 20/02/1962 nde neldata John Glenn e nder satelit biyeteeɗo Mercury. Ko ɗoo noon Amerik daɗtii, sibu ñalnde 24/12/1968 Appolo 8 weeyi dow lewru ina jolni weeyiyankooɓe tato : Frank Borman, William Anders e James Lovell. Ñalnde heen ɓe ceediima « puɗal leydi » (ummagol leydi) : e nder cooyngal maɓɓe leydi men ndi, ɓe mbaawii seerndude njoorndi e diƴƴe ɗe (geecuuji). Lebbi joy fat pawtii heen Appolo 10 weeyi kadi dow lewru ngam waɗde refto huftodinngo golle potɗe waɗeede e ɗowgol ɗanngal Appolo 11 ngam juuraade e lewru. Ngam kadi teskaade e portilde nokku ɗo Apollo 11 foti juuraade ɗo : yahnoo e kaan laana ko wiyeteeɓe Thomas Stafford, John Young e Eugene Cernan.

Ñalnde 16 sulyee 1969 Apollo 11 duñi : aduna hooynii, werti noppi. Gila e teeruuji haa e nder gure ladde. Wonnoo e kaan laana ko kumaandaŋ Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin "Buɗɗ" Aldrin. Ñalnde 21 ɓe ngoni aadee en idiiɓe yaɓɓude e lewru.

Ñalnde 14 noowammbar 1969, Apollo 12 ɗiɗmiti Apollo 11, juurii e lewru.

Ñalnde 13 abriil 1970, Apollo 13, nokku laana ka, ɗo henndu foofateendu ndu mooftanoo ɗo kaliti nde laana ka ari haa faandii lewru. Yimɓe tati wonnooɓe heen ɓe nduttitii leydi.

Ñalnde 6 feebariyee 1971, Apollo 14 juurii e lewru. Wonnooɓe heen ɓe mbaɗii toon e lewru he fotfr waktuuji 7, he ɓe petti toon bal biyeteeɗo Golf.

Kono ñalnde 19 abriil, Riis en kewni goɗɗum : ɓe mberlii ko laana taartotooka leydi, tawi ko koɗaaka ko duumii, ɗum woni Saliout-1. Kono yimɓe tato wonnooɓe heen ɓe mbaɗii toon balɗe 23, tuggude 7 haa 30 suwee. Kono ɓe ngartaani, ɓe maayi aksidaa. Tuugnorgal Saliout joofi ko e hitaande 1986, caggal ko laana ka hoɗaa 313 ñalawma, fotde 2 500 jarribo ganndal tabitinaa toon.

Wonande Ameriknaaɓe, porogaraam Apollo joofi ko e Apollo 17. E ngaal ɗanngal, wonnooɓe e laana he mbaɗii to lewru to fotde 74 waktu, 59 hojom e leƴƴanɗe 30, ko ina wona balɗe tati.

1975 noon ko hitaande maantinirnde gollondiral hakkunde Riis e Amerik : Apollo e Sayouɗ potti nder weeyo, weeyiyanke Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Thomas Stafford e weeyiyanke Riis biyeteeɗo Alexis Leonoɓ, ndokkondiri toon juuɗe. Ɗum ko taaɓal mawngal to bannge karallaagal, kono kadi ko taaɓal mawngal to bannge politik : caggal danndu e ɓuraa ɓuraa, leyɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe ɗe pellitii wallondirde.

Ko ñalnde 7 feebariyee weeyiyankooɓe ɗiɗo njalti laana mum en, peerii nder weeyo ko ina wona waktuuji 5 tawa hakkunde mum en e laana mum en ina wona 100 meeteer. Ɗum waɗnoo ko e misiyoŋ Amerik keso biyeteeɗo Challenger.

Kono ñalnde 28 saawiyee laana Challenger kaliti hojom gooto caggal nde werlaa. Weeyiyankooɓe 7 wonnooɓe heen ɓee kala maayi, ina wonnoo heen rewɓe ɗiɗo.

Ñande 20 feebariyee 1986 Riis en mberlii hoɗorde weeyo duumiinde wiyeteende Mir (Jam e ɗemngal Riis) ; hakkunde mum e leydi ko 350 km. Ñalnde 13 mars 1986 misiyoŋ koɗaaɗo gadano « juurii » (walla mbiyen ceŋondiri) e Mir. Laana Miir ka, woɗtini ko woppeede sabu mum heewde fereeji, ko duppaa e hitaande 2001.

Hade ɗuum, Ameriknaajo e Riis gooto njahdii to Mir, ngoni toon balɗe 115, e nder laana ka.

E hitaande 1995, duuɓi 20 caggal pottital hakkunde Apollo e Soyouɗ, laana Amerik mbiyeteeka Atlantis, joofi e laana Mir. Wonnooɓe heen ɓe calmondiri 395 km dow koye men, nder weeyo. Weeyiyankooɓe 10 ngondii toon haa ñalnde 4 sulyee 1995. Ɗo gollondiral fuɗɗii hakkunde winndere nde ko fayti e weeyo, ɓe nanondiri tafde laana weeyo koɗeteeka, mbiyeteeka Alpha (Alfaa).

25 suwee Mir guƴƴondiri e laana ndokkoowa ɗum isaas, mbiyeteeka Progress. Weeyiyankooɓe tato wonnooɓe toon (Riis en ɗiɗo e Ameriknaajo) njalti, cukki wuddere puɓɓondiral ngal, ngartiri kuuraa e nder laana he.

29 oktoobar 1998, Ameriknaajo gadano werleede nder weeyo, hono John Glein, nelditaa toon e nder laana biyeteeka Discovery ngam waɗde toon ƴeewndo faytungo e « naywugol nder weeyo ». O waɗi toon balɗe 9. O taartii leydi laabi 134. 15 oktoobar 2003 Siin werlii laana mum ngadana koɗaaka (Shenɗhou 5). 4 saawiyee 2004 laanel wiɗto (sonde) NASA juurii e mars. 24 saawiyee 2004 laanel wiɗto ɗiɗmel NASA juuri e mars. 14 saawiyee 2005 laanel wiɗto Orop (Huygens) juurii e tagofeere wiyeteende Titan. 25 mee 2008 laanl wiɗto Amerik (Phoenix) juurii e mars.

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Sinuwaa en nder weeyo.

Taykonot en tato ɓe : ɗo, ɓe parii ɗannanaade weeyo

Ñalnde 25 settaambar 2008, leydi Siin naatii « fedde mawɓe », fedde leyɗe kattanɗe yahde kam en tan nder weeyo. Ko leyɗe tati tan ngoni e ndee fedde : Riisi, Amerik e Siin. Ɗumɗoo noon ƴellitii faayiida ndii leydi caggal faayiida mawɗo ndi heɓi e juɓɓingol « pijirlooji Olempik » e nder karallaagal e ñeeñal mawngal winndere ndee kala seedtii.

Ɗum noon ñalnde 25 settammbar nde, Siin werliima « laana weeyo » inniraaka Shenzhou VII, tawi alaa fof ɗo telɓaa e golle ɗe. Hu Jintao, mawɗo leydi ndi tawtoraama, o yettii aasiñooruuji ɗi e haralleeɓe ɓe. Nde laana ka yahii haa dow kolonel Zhai Zhigang yaltii laana ka, feerii e weeyo : Duuɓi joy caggal ko Siin tawti ko wonnoo Dental leyɗe Sowiyet en e Amerik, ko taykonot (weeyiyanke Sinuwaa en, Tuubakooɓe mbiyata ɗum ko Kosmonot) Siin neldii aadee e nder weeyo. Denndaangal golle eɓɓanooɗe e ngalɗoo ɗanngal njahrii no potnoo yahrude : gila e jaltugol e laana ka e peeragol nder weeyo, haa e gartol e juuragol laana ka.

Siin tabitinii ɗo, e nder dumunna daɓɓo, tuugnorgal ngal Ameriknaaɓe e Riis en ciyni e nder ko ina ɓura duuɓi sappo. Tee ina wiyee njaru mum jaasi ɗo woɗɗi ko ɓeen perinoo heen ko. Fayndaare Siin ko werlaade ɗo e duuɓi payɗi laana njirlotooka (ngonka e weeyo ina taaroo leydi) koɗaaka, kam e yahde to lewru ɗo e hitaande 2017 e yahde marse e hitaande 2015.

Ko e hitaande 2003 Siin naatnoo Fedde leyɗe nelduɗe neɗɗo nder weeyo, duuɓi 42 caggal ɗanngal Youri Gagarin. Ɗumɗoo noon ko danndu ɓooyndu hakkunde Dental Sowiyet e Amerik.

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Daɗndu laamagol weeyo

Laika nder Spoutnik 2

Ɗo adan ɗo ko Riisi en keednoo yeeso, ndaɗnoo seeɗa, sibu, ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1957 ɓe mberlii fisee maɓɓe gadano biyeteeɗo Spoutnik1, caggal ɗum, ñalnde 3 noowammbar 1957 kadi ɓe mberlii Spoutnik2, e ɓe njolni heen fittaandu, hono dawangel biyeteengel Laïka. Nguurndam maggel toon ɓuraani balɗe jeeɗiɗi (7) : wari ngel ko nguleeki. Ko maa ñalnde 1/02/1958 Amerik kam ne werlii (walla mbiyen lotti) fisee biyeteeɗo Explorer1,

kuutoriiɗo karallaagal ganndo Almaañnaajo biyeteeɗo Wernher Von Brown, ganndo ko fayti e fiiseeji. Kono Riis en taƴti daawal goɗngal, sibu ñalnde 4 oktoobar 1959 satelit maɓɓe biyeteeɗo Lunik-III waawii portilde (fotde) bannge lewru birniiɗo en o, mo anndananooka hay dara o.

E hitaande 1965 ndawakon ɗiɗon taartiima leydi fotde laabi 18 e nder laanel Riis en mbiyeteeka Spoutnik5, ngarti ina nguuri ñalnde 19 ut 1960.

Ɓe ɗimmiti kadi ñalnde 12 feebariyee 1961, ɓe mberlii satelit maɓɓe gadano jolnuɗo neɗɗo, hono Vostok1 : yahnoo e kaan laana ko biyeteeɗo Youri Gagarine. Gagarine wonii aadee gidiiɗo duumaade e weeyo, 327 kiloomeeteer dow leydi, ndi laana makko taartii laawol gootol.

Ameriknaaɓe keptii ɓe e ɗuum ko ñalnde 21/02/1962 nde neldata John Glenn e nder satelit biyeteeɗo Mercury.

16 suwee 1963, debbo riisnaajo biyeteeɗo Valentina Terechkova ɗannanii weeyo ummoraade e kanndaa Baikonour : debbo weeyiyanke gadano ko Riisinaajo.

Ñalnde 18 mars 1965 kadi, Alexei Léonov, yalti e laana njolnunooka ɗum, feerii fotde hojomaaji 20 nder weeyo : weeyiyanke gidiiɗo feeraade e weeyo kadi ko Riisnaajo.

To bannge kaɓirɗe kadi, ñalnde 3 feebariyee 1966, laanel wiɗto (sonde) Riis en biyeteengel Luna 9 juurii e dow lewru : kanngel woni gidingel memde lewru. Caggal ɗum, ñalnde 30 mee 1966 laanel Amerik biyeteengel Surveyor-1 juurii kam ne e lewru.

E hitaande 1967, V. Braun, aasiñoor Almaañnaajo ko fayti e fiiseeji (en kaaliino mo dow) ardii peewnugol fiisee biyeteeɗo Saturn-5 gaddanoowo Amerik waɗde taaɓal mawngal.

Ko e hitaande 1968 Amerik arditii Riisi :

Ñalnde 24/12/1968 Appolo 8 weeyi dow lewru ina jolni weeyiyankooɓe tato : Frank Borman, William Anders e James Lovell. Ñalnde heen ɓe ceediima « puɗal leydi » (ummagol leydi) : e nder cooyngal maɓɓe leydi men ndi, ɓe mbaawii seerndude njoorndi e diƴƴe ɗe (geecuuji). Lebbi joy fat pawtii heen Appolo 10 weeyi kadi dow lewru ngam waɗde refto huftodinngo golle potɗe waɗeede e ɗowgol ɗanngal Appolo 11 ngam juuraade e lewru. Ngam kadi teskaade e portilde nokku ɗo Apollo 11 foti juuraade ɗo : yahnoo e kaan laana ko wiyeteeɓe Thomas Stafford, John Young e Eugene Cernan.

Ñalnde 16 sulyee 1969 Apollo 11 duñi : aduna hooynii, werti noppi. Gila e teeruuji haa e nder gure ladde. Wonnoo e kaan laana ko kumaandaŋ Neil Armstrong (duuɓi 39, konndiroowo abiyoŋaaji e nder konu Amerik), Michael Collins, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. Ñalnde 21 ɓe ngoni aadee en idiiɓe yaɓɓude e lewru.

Ñalnde 14 noowammbar 1969, Apollo 12 ɗiɗmiti Apollo 11, juurii e lewru.

Ñalnde 13 abriil 1970, Apollo 13, nokku laana ka, ɗo henndu foofateendu ndu mooftanoo ɗo kaliti nde laana ka ari haa faandii lewru. Yimɓe tati wonnooɓe heen ɓe nduttitii leydi.

Ñalnde 6 feebariyee 1971, Apollo 14 juurii e lewru. Wonnooɓe heen ɓe mbaɗii toon e lewru he fotde waktuuji 7, he ɓe petti toon bal biyeteeɗo Golf.

Kono ñalnde 19 abriil, Riis en kewni goɗɗum : ɓe mberlii ko laana taartotooka leydi, tawi ko koɗaaka ko duumii, ɗum woni Saliout-1. Kono yimɓe tato wonnooɓe heen ɓe mbaɗii toon balɗe 23, tuggude 7 haa 30 suwee. Kono ɓe ngartaani, ɓe maayi aksidaa. Tuugnorgal Saliout joofi ko e hitaande 1986, caggal ko laana ka hoɗaa 313 ñalawma, fotde 2 500 jarribo ganndal tabitinaa toon.

Wonande Ameriknaaɓe, porogaraam Apollo joofi ko e Apollo 17. E ngaal ɗanngal, wonnooɓe e laana he mbaɗii to lewru to fotde 74 waktu, 59 hojom e leƴƴanɗe 30, ko ina wona balɗe tati.

1975 noon ko hitaande maantinirnde gollondiral hakkunde Riis e Amerik : Apollo e Sayouz potti nder weeyo, weeyiyanke Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Thomas Stafford e weeyiyanke Riis biyeteeɗo Alexis Leonov, ndokkondiri toon juuɗe. Ɗum ko taaɓal mawngal to bannge karallaagal, kono kadi ko taaɓal mawngal to bannge politik : caggal danndu e ɓuraa ɓuraa, leyɗe ɗiɗi mawɗe ɗe pellitii wallondirde.

Ko ñalnde 7 feebariyee weeyiyankooɓe ɗiɗo njalti laana mum en, peerii nder weeyo ko ina wona waktuuji 5 tawa hakkunde mum en e laana mum en ina wona 100 meeteer. Ɗum waɗnoo ko e misiyoŋ Amerik keso biyeteeɗo Challenger.

Kono ñalnde 28 saawiyee laana Challenger kaliti hojom gooto caggal nde werlaa. Weeyiyankooɓe 7 wonnooɓe heen ɓee kala maayi, ina wonnoo heen rewɓe ɗiɗo.

Ñande 20 feebariyee 1986 Riis en mberlii hoɗorde weeyo duumiinde wiyeteende Mir (‘Jam’ e ɗemngal Riis) ; hakkunde mum e leydi ko 350 km. Ñalnde 13 mars 1986 misiyoŋ koɗaaɗo gadano «juurii» (walla mbiyen seŋondiri) e Mir. Laana Miir ka, waɗtini ko woppeede sabu mum heewde fereeji, ka duppaa e hitaande 2001.

Hade ɗuum, Ameriknaajo e Riis gooto njahdii to Mir, ngoni toon balɗe 115, e nder laana ka.

E hitaande 1995, duuɓi 20 caggal pottital hakkunde Apollo e Soyouz, laana Amerik mbiyeteeka Atlantis, joofi e laana Mir. Wonnooɓe heen ɓe calmondiri 395 km dow koye men, nder weeyo. Weeyiyankooɓe 10 ngondii toon haa ñalnde 4 sulyee 1995. Ɗo gollondiral fuɗɗii hakkunde winndere nde ko fayti e weeyo, ɓe nanondiri tafde laana weeyo koɗeteeka, mbiyeteeka Alpha (Alfaa).

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Deftere SIDA e Pulaar : jokkondiral e doktoor Alhuseyni Sal

Doktoor Al Huseyni Sal e nder gollordu (ɗo, laboratuwaar) mum

“Yiɗde hoore mum fuɗɗorii ko e yiɗde ɗemngal mum”

Fooyre Ɓamtaare jokkondirii e gooto e annduɓe men, biyeteeɗo Alhuseynu SAL, noddirteeɗo kadi Maamuudu Rakiyel, jeyaaɗo Baabaaɓe Looti, gonɗo oo sahaa, to leydi Kanadaa (Canada) e wuro wiyeteengo Vancouver, ligootooɗo e Opitaal (hôpital) mawɗo biyeteeɗo "Saint Paul's Hospital" e nder tunndu (départment) "Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research ".

Oo musiɗɗo ina wallifii defte keewɗe e Pulaar jowitiiɗe e won ɗiin ñabbuuli, haa arti noon e SIDA. So Alla jaɓii ma en njaltin ɗeen defte e jaaynde he e tonngooɗe men paaɗe.

Naamnal : Min nanii a wallifiima, walla aɗa jogori wallifaade defte e Pulaar, ngam findinde yimɓe ɓe ko faati e won ɗiin ñabbuuli, walla won ɗeen geɗe, no ngoo miijo ardi e ma ?

Alhuseynu SAL : Miijo winndude e Pulaar ngam findinde yimɓe e ko faati e njabbuuli ko miijo ɓooyngo. Kono, miijo ngo ɓenndi tan ko e duuɓi ɗiɗi battidiiɗi ɗi. Caggal nde piilaami lefol doktoor to Farayse, mi ariino Muritani, kawrit-mi e mawningol "ñalngu adunakeewu SIDA". Wonaniino mi teddungal e weltaare nde fedde "Jeune Enfant et Bien être social" to Baabaaɓe ɗaɓɓiri mi tawtoreede hiirde nde ɓe mbaɗno toon e nguun ñalngu. Won naamne umminooɗe e yimɓe tawtoraanooɓe ndeen hiirde pewnanooɗe e am, ko feewti e SIDA e nabbuuji goɗɗi. Ko ɗeen naamne nobbimi haa ummiimi e faamninde ɓe paamaano walla kadi siftinde faamnooɓe. Sikke alaa won dariiɓe e faamnude ko adii jooni, kono tawde alla waɗii ko e wiɗto ñabbuuli ngollat-mi, waɗde kay hare nde ina noddi mi. Tawde kadi neɗɗo fof won ɗo heedi e nder renndo mum, waɗde, ina waɗɗii kam addude ballal am ko feewti heen e ɗaminaade ma ɗum naftu. Ina weeɓi hannde yiytude defte e Farayse walla e Engele, ma walla Arab, kono defte pulaar pewtuɗe e oon fannu keewaani. Ko ɗum waɗi pellit-mi winndude defte ɗe. Mdoɗo waawnoo winndude defte ɗe tan mi haaɗa heen, kono mi tawii janngugol ngol weeɓanaani moni kala, ko ɗum waɗi, mboɗo waɗani kala deftere banndaaji (cassettes) mbele ma ɓeen ɓe njiyataa binndol mbaaw heɗtaade, paama kadi naftoroo.

Naamnal : Ko tagmaa fuɗɗoraade deftere SIDA ?

Alhuseynu SAL : Bookara, ngalɗoo naamnal ina waɗi faayiida no feewi. Mi adoriima deftere SIDA sabu ko ñabbu kulɓiniiɗo, ndillinngu aduna oo fof. Hay mo heɓaani SIDA, walla hay mo yiyaani ñawɗo SIDA, nanii ñabbu ngu. Refti heen, ina hasii kala nde SIDA innaa, hakkilaaji fof ndoganta ko Afrik. Won wiɗtooɓe wiyooɓe nii ko e nder Afrik SIDA ummii, kono tan hakkile am jaɓaani ɗum tawo. Ko woni goonga mo en mbaawa salaade, ko e nder Afrik tigi ñabbu ngu ɓuri duumaade. Won e leyɗeelede e nder Afrik ɗo tawataa SIDA ina boomi feccere e wuro. Hay sinno Muritani yettaaki ndeen keɓnde tawo, en potaani welsindaade. Afrik ina yaaji kono so mi ƴeewii no ñawu ngu reɓrata nii, ina wayi no Afrik ina famɗi. SIDA filtatno e won leyɗeele tan, kono jooni ñabbu ngu heɓii keɓɗe kulɓiniiɗe. En potaani fadde ha ngu heɓa en nde ummano-ɗen ngu. Ina foti gooto kala faama wonnde nawu ngu nana naatira seeɗa-seeɗa e nder men. Deftere nde mbindu-mi nde ina wayi no ko jaaynde nde peewnu-mi e leñol ngol kala, mawɗo e suka, debbo e gorko fof ina toɗɗaa.

Hol fannuuji goɗɗi nganniyi-ɗaa yaaɓande ?

Alhuseynu SAL : Caggal deftere feewtunde e SIDA, mboɗo dooki defte goɗɗe peewtuɗe e ñabbuli ɗi ngandu-ɗa ina to men, maa walla ina ndooki en. Heen defte ɗiɗi ɓalliima e joofde. Heen wootere feewti ko e ñabbu heeñere wiyeteengu "hépatite", woɗnde nde feewti ko e nawu mbiyeteengu taasiyoŋ "hypertension". Heen deftere fof ina yahda e kaset mum.

Naamnal : Hol no njiyru-ɗaa ballal jannguɓe fulɓe faade e leñol ngol foti siforaade?

Alhuseynu SAL : Gooto fof e kala ɗo heedi ina waawi addude ballal mum faade e leñol ngol. Ko ardii fof jannguɓe fulɓe ina poti faamninde sukaaɓe arooɓe les ɓe wonde doole leñol ko e ganndal keɓotoo. So neɗɗo majjinaama ha majji, ina wayi no halfaama. Salaade kalfaandi noon fuɗɗorto ko e salaade majjinneede. Heewɓe e sukaaɓe fulɓe hannde njiyataa so wonaa yaltude leydi ndi, kono eɓe poti faamde, hay sinno a yaltii, tawde kay wonii a janngaani a tampat tan. Kadi jaŋde, heewde e famɗude, naftat tan. Refti heen, haalooɓe Pulaar ina mbiya "anndu so a anndii anndin". Mboɗo sikki waɗde oon mo andi andinaani ina wayi no won ko ŋakkini. Jannguɓe fulɓe e kala ɗo ɓe mbaawi wonde noon, e kala to ganndal maɓɓe yahri, ina poti yeccitaade caggal. Eɓe poti renndude ko ɓe njanngi ko e leñol ngol. Eɓe poti ñemmbude fannuuji moƴƴi ɗi ɓe keɓi e jaŋde maɓɓe mbele ina adda ɓeydaare e maɓɓe kadi ɓeyda leñol ngol. Eɓe poti kadi haɓanaade riiwtude aadaaji men, maa walla fannuuji nguurdam men nawrooji en caggal. So neɗɗo janngii, faamii, lobbiniima e lobbudu mum kañum tan gooto, ina wayi no ganndal makko naftortaake sabu, ganndo mooftuɗo ganndal mum cifortoo-mi ɗum ko no nagge heewnge kosam, kono nge jaɓataa ɓireede.

Naamnal : Hol miijo e Fooyre Ɓamtaare ? e Fedde Ɓamtaare Pulaar e Muritani ?

Alhuseynu SAL : Bookara, mi wonaa gannduɗo pelle ɗe no feewi. Kono aɗa foti anndude Sal Mammadu Abdarahmaani ɓurɗo andireede Mamma Deede (Bookara : miɗo anndi mo no feewi sanne).

Oon gorko ko mawni am, ko ngenndiyanke mawɗo. O meeɗiino jeyeede e Fedde nde. Ko e makko keewnoo-mi nande haala fedde nde. Hay sinno gandal am heewaani e fedde nde, mdoɗo laaɓaa tan ko e hare mawnde ɓe ngoni ngam daranaade leñol ngol.

Sabu yiɗde hoore mum fuɗɗorii ko e yiɗde ɗemngal mum. Kono noon woto neɗɗo sikku kadi ɗemngal mum tan ina yona ɗum, faalkisoo ɗemɗe goɗɗe. Neɗɗo ina foti janngude kala ɗemngal, gila e ɗemɗe taariiɗe ɗum haa e goɗɗuɗe ɗum ɗe, sabu ɗemngal, ko ngal waawi wonde fof, ngal naftat tan. Ɗemngal ko ngalu ngu gasataa haa bada.

Naamnal : Hol ko mbasiyto-ɗaa, annduɓe fulɓe hono maa en, Fooyre Ɓamtaare, e denndaangal Fulɓe ?

Alhuseynu SAL : Won e yimɓe men ina ngondi e sifaaji kulɓiniiɗi. Ina hasii kala nde neɗɗo janngi wayloo haa bonna neɗɗaagu mum. Gandal noon so yahdaani e pinal, ngaal ganndal yooɗataa. Waɗi mi wiyde noon ko heewɓe e jannguɓe men ina ŋakkaa pinal. Sabu ina heewi ɗo neɗɗo janngi haa joofni, ruttii waɗi keerol kakkunde mum e heddiiɓe ɓe. Jannguɗo ina foti lesɗikinaade fotnda hoore mum e heddiiɓe ɓee fof, mbele eɓe mbaawa yeewtude. Sabu maayo, ko ngo heewi ndiyam koo fof, e ko ndiyam maggo weli koo fof, so ngo finnii ƴoogooɓe e maggo keewataa. Ina heewi e men hannde jannguɓe nganndi kono tan ɓurnii, kono neɗɗo ina ɓura neɗɗo ganndal tawa ɓuraani ɗum neɗɗaagu.

Mboɗo wasiyoo Fooyre Ɓamtaare e Fedde Ɓamtaare nde udditantoo kala garɗo ina tammbi miijo moƴƴo, walla doole ballitooje leñol ngol. Sabu Ɓamtaare leñol, wonaa tan e ɓamtugol ɗemngal ngal. Ina wona kadi e ɓamtugol fannuuji nguurdam fof, cellal, maa walla pinal, maa walla diine. Nafoore ɗemngal, wonaa tan haalde ngal, ko huutoraade ngal kadi mbele ngonka yimɓe ina ɓamtoo.

Denndaangal Fulɓe ina poti tan faamde wonde ɓe ndañi koko weeɓaani, sabu ina heewi e nder aduna ɗemɗe kaalateeɗe tawi mbindaaka. Tawde noon Pulaar ina winndoo, waɗde ko kuutorgal moƴƴal ngam ɓamtude leñol ngol.

Waɗi ngalɗoo jokkondiral ko Bookara A. Bah (abriil 2007)

Holi Alhuseynu SAL

Alhuseynu SAL janngii to kolees Baabaaɓe, caggal ɗum to "collège de garçons" to Nuwaasoot, "lycée National" ɗo o heɓi bakkaa (baccalauréat) e hitaannde 1991. O janngoyi janngirde toownde wiyeteende ISS (Institut Supérieur Scientifique) ɗo e Nuwaasoot, ko anndiraa hannde "Faculté des Sciences et Techniques". Ɗoon o keɓi seedantaagal biyeteengal "Maitrise e Biologie-Géologie" e hitaande 1995. Nde tawnoo ko kanko ardinoo (Major de promotion) e kitaale tati deggondirde hono 1993, 1994 e 1995, o hokkaa bursi e hitaande 1995, ngam ɓeydoyde jaŋde caggal leydi. O rewii e Iniwersiteeji keewɗi : Iniwersitee Tunis gila 1995 ha 1999. O heɓi toon Seedantaagal jaŋde luggiɗinaande ko fayti e "Microbiologie" (Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies e Microbiologie" e lewru abriil 1998. O fayi Farayse, to Iniwersitee “Paul Sabatier to Tuuluus ɗo o heɓi dipolomaaji ɗiɗi : "Diplôme d'Etudes Approfondies en Microbiologie, Physiologie et Génétique Moléculaire" e hitaande 2000, kam "Diplôme d'Etudes Scientifiques d'Université e Science Naturelles" e hitaande 2001. O ligiima e ɗiin duuɓi ɗiɗi nder laboratuwaaruuji (laboratoires) tati. Gadano o ko e ko fayti e bakteriiji (bactérie), walla mbiyen mboros biyeteedo Shigella flexneri, mboros gaddoowo deedi dogooji bonɗi, caggal ɗum e bakteri goɗɗo biyeteeɗo Lactococcus lactis jiyteteeɗo e kocce. O wattindorii ko liggaade e sifaa mbuubu mbiyeteengu Drosphila Melanogaster. Ko kanko yiytunoo mo e laboratuwaar batindiiɗo o; ɗum yaltinanooma e jaaynde wiyeteende "Molecular and Cellular Biology" e hitaande 2002, (Tongoode mayre ko Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Feb;22(4):1218-32.) Caggal ɗum, laboratuwaar goɗɗo to Farayse to "Faculté de Médecine Lyon" jaɓani mo yo o ar toon ngam jokkitde jaŋde makko. O golliima toon duuɓi tati ko feewti e mboros (Virus) biyeteeɗo "virus d'Epstein-Barr". E ngoon wiɗto, ɓe keɓii yiytude ko meeɗaano yiyeede, won ko ummotoo e oon "virus" ina waawi jeyeede e sabaabuuji ñawu kanseer (Cancer) goddol. Ngoon wiɗto heɓiino saakteede e jaaynde wiyeteende "Oncogene" e hitaande 2004 (Tongoode mayre ko "Oncogene 2004, vol. 23, no28, pp. 4938-4944). Ndeeɗoon jaaynde huptodini almudaagal makko o fiilaa doktor ko faati e "virologie Moléculaire" ñalnde 7 oktoobar 2004. Caggal ɗum o noddanooma e nokkuuji keewɗi : to Farayse e to Siin, kono tan o felliti nootaade ko e noddaadu Opitaal Sherbrooke to Canada. O liggiima e oon opitaal ko ina tolnoo e lebbi sappo e nder "Laboratoire Génétique Médical". Liggeey makko feewtunoo ko e kanseer nguru ɓalndu. Caggal ɗum gila e lewu saawiyee 2005, o woni ko opitaal "Saint Paul's" e wuro wiyeteengo Vancouver. Liggeey makko feewti jooni ko e mboros biyeteedo "Coxsackievirus" ngam etaade faamnde hol no oon mboros addirta ñabbuuli ɓernde.

Duuɓi 40 ko aadee yahi lewru

20 sulyee 1969, go'o ko aadee ina yaha e nduufdi lewru

20 sulyee 2009 waɗata duuɓi capanɗe nay (40 hitaande) ko aadee yaɓɓi koyngal mum e nduufdi lewru. Hikka noon aduna oo kala mawninii nguun ñalngu teskinngu e daartol winndere men, haa arti e Ameriknaaɓe.

Ko biyeteeɗo Neil Armstrong (Neel Amstroŋ) woni aadee gadano fawde felo mum e lewru, refti e makko ko Buzz Aldrin (Bus Aldrin). Biyeteɗo Michael Collins (Maaykel Kolins), jahdiiɗo maɓɓe tataɓo o heddinoo kañum ko e laanel he, ina fadi ɓe.

Ɓe mbaɗii toon waktuuji 21, nde ñiɓi toon araaraay Amerik, ɓe ngartiri 21 kiloo kaaƴe lewru. Ko ndeen Neel Amstroŋ wiyi : «ko taaɓel tokosel wonande neɗɗo, kono ko diwal moolanaangal wonande winndere nde ». ("C'est un petit pas pour l'homme, mais un bond de géant pour l'humanité."). Ko e lewru mee hitaande 1961 John Kennedy, hooreejo Amerik lolluɗo, hollitnoo anniya mum « neldude ameriknaajo dow lewru ko idii maayirɗe sappinaande nde ». Ñalnde 20 sulyee 2009, ko hooreejo Amerik goɗɗo lolluɗo, hono Obama, jaɓɓii Neel Amstroŋ e Bus Aldrin e Maaykel Kolins, ngam yettude ɗum en e fiilde ɗum en teddungal.

Kewuuji goɗɗi kadi maa njuɓɓine to Centre Kennedy, nder dowla Floride, to nokku weeyiyankaagal to Huston, dowla Teksaas : ko ɗoon nokku ɗowngol Apollo-11 woni. Hakkunde 1969 e 1972 tuugnorgal Apollo addanii 12 weeyiyanke jaɓɓude e lewru, e nder ɗanle jeegom.

E ooɗoo ñalawma hannde, Obama yamirii juurnitagol luggol tuugnorgal George W. Bush lelnunoo e hitaande 2004, ganndirangal ‘Constellation’ (Ñaarngal) : fayndaare majjum ko ruttitaade to lewru ɗo e hitaande 2020 : daawal teeŋtungal hade maɓɓe werlaade laaɗe koɗaaɗe tiindaade tagofeere Mars, walla ko ɓuri ɗum woɗɗude.

Ina sikkaa tan fayndaare majjum ko huutoraade lewru ngam ɗannanaade to ɓuri woɗɗude. Ina wayi no alaa ko heedi aadee e yahde Mars so wonaa dañde ngalu mum, sibu ganndal mum e karallaagal ngal kala ina woodi.

Bookara A. Bah

Duuɗe Samoa ɓallitiima fuɗnaange

Natal duuɗe Samowa

Hoto paayee, ndii leydi diraani ɓosaani ɗo wonnoo. Ko toon naange waɗtintonoo mutirde. Tawi noon nge idotoo fuɗirde fof ko e leyɗe ɓe cawndondiri ɗee, hono Ostaraali, Nuwel Seanndaa, Siin ekn … woni waktuuji 20 haa 23 ina ɓilii hakkunde ɗii nokkuuji keerondirɗi!!! Haawnaaki ? Ina haawnii kay, so en tuugiima e faamamuya men, hol ɓurɗo ɓallaade walla woɗɗude fuɗnaange.

Toon, so Sidneenaaɓe, ɓe nganndu-ɗaa kam en fof «idotoo» naatde ñalawma (eɗen ciftora, e darorɗe kitaale, kamɓe fof idotoo waɗde «bonne année», woni duwaawu «hitaande jam e cellal»), so njettiima feccere jamma (minuit) altine, Samoa ko ndeen naatata waktu go’aɓo altine, woni ñalawma kuurɗo ina ɓilii hakkunde leyɗe ɗiɗi keerondirɗe. Walla mbiyen so Sidenee juulii aljumaa hannde, Samoa ko janngo juulata aljumaa. Nde Samoa naatata alet ndee, ko ndeen duuɗe Tonngaa (takkiiɗe ɗoon) naatata altine, Nuwel Selanndaa naatata altine, Sidnee (laamorgo Ostoraali) kam e leyɗe Asiyaa keewɗe, ko wayi no Siin, naatata altine.

Duuɗe Samoa «caltiima» ɗuum, walla mbiyen tan ɓe pellitii jeyeede e iditooɓe yiyde ñalawma. Ko toon naange waɗtinortonoo mutde, jooni ko toon nge adortoo fuɗde ! Ko ɗum firti ? Ɗum firti tan, ɓe pellitii juuldude e Sidneenaaɓe aljumaa, woni ɓe nanndita e mum en ñalɗi, no Muritani e Maruk e Mali e Senegaal … ndenndiri ñalɗii nii.

Hol ko saabii ndee feere ?

Alaa ko saabii ɗum, so wonaa ko ɗeen leyɗe Samoa ɓuri jogodaade jotondire to bannge faggudu, ɓe pellitii ɓallitaade ɓe, e nanndude e maɓɓe ñalɗi. Sibu ko e hitaande 1892 (duuɓi 119 hikka) ɓe pellitnoo kadi ruttinde koye maɓɓe caggal, fotde waktuuji 20, ngam jiidude e Kaliforni (Dowla e nder Amerik) ñalɗi, sibu ko ɓeen ɓe ɓurnoo jotondirde to bannge faggudu.

Ndeke, ñalɗi woniraani noon huunde fiɓiinde, sibu en njiyii, ɓeeɗoo mbelaama yo naange wattindo mutirde to mum en, jooni pellitii yo nge fuɗɗoroo fuɗirde to mum en. Ko noon kadi hay e nokkuuji ɗii e koye mum en, ngonaa huunde ñiɓiinde : ko e miijo men tan, walla mbiyen ko ɗum woni ko hakkillaaji njaggi, fuɗnaange ko huunde ñiɓiinde ɗo gootel, nde dirataa, ɓosataa. Yeru, so eɗen njuula (« juulɓe Lislaam »), kuccitten ko fuɗnaange (to naange fuɗirta too), e « dow » suudu Kaaba. Ɓayri noon leydi ko ko murliɗi, hankadi yimɓe fof ina njaɓi ɗuum (walla kam alaa jedduɗo ɗuum), hay so neɗɗo huccitii « hirnaange » (to naange hiirdata too), maa njuulu mum, taarto leydi, yettoyoo « Kaaba ».

Njiɗde wiyde tan, altine walla talaata … to bannge ganndal « yowito » (relativité) ko e maantooɗe ƴettu-ɗaa (repères) tan tuugotoo. So en ɓeydiima luggiɗinaade eɗen mbaawi jokkude : winndere ndee ina hawri wonde go’o waktuuji (ñalɗi puɗɗortoo walla naange fuɗirta) ko e ɗiin nokkuuji ɗi kaalaten ɗii (Ostoraali, duuɗe Samoa ekn …), kono winndere ndee so welaama ina waawi wiyde « jooni en pellitii fuɗɗoraade limoore juri (fuɗɗoraade limoore waktuuji) ko ɗo Muritani e Senegaal ɗoo». E oon sahaa, yimɓe mbaɗta wiyde «naange fuɗirta ko Muritani e Senegaal ! »

So en ngartii e feere Samowaanaaɓe ƴetti ndee, Mawɗo hilifaaɓe leydi ndii ko nii faamniniri feere ndee : « e nder ko min ngollodtoo e Nuwel Selanndaa e Ostaraali koo, a min mbaasa balɗe ɗiɗi golle yontere kala. Sibu, so min ngonii e aljumaa, tawata ko kamɓe a ɓe ngoni e aset ; so min ngonii e Alet, e njuuluuji amen, kamɓe tawata ko ɓe ngoni e golle to Sidnee e to Birisben »

Ngam tabitinde ko haalaa koo, o sakkitii yo ɓe ndiw hikka ñalawma maɓɓe 31 desammbar oo, ɓe naatira hitaande hesere aroore ndee 30 desammbar.

Ko ina tolnoo e 180 000 fittaandu ina nguuri hannde e duuɗe Samoa ɗee, gonɗe ter hakkunde Nuwel Selanndaa e Hawaay. Ɓe nguuri ko njeeygu ɓiɗɓe leɗɗe e sewo sewo, kam e banngagol. Ko yerondiri e ɗuum e yimɓe maɓɓe ina nguuri to Ostaraali e to Nuwel Selanndaa.

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Fedde Muritaninaare ko fayti e ɓernde

Dokoor Lih ina uddita ɓernde ɗo opitaa Sheek Saayed - Nuwaasoot

Fedde Muritaninaare ko fayti e ɓernde ariino ɗo e Nuwaasoot ñalnde 11 oktoobar 2010. Nde joofni golle mayre ko 17 oktoobar 2010 : ina eɓɓaanoo e makko, waɗde operaaji 10 ɓernde e golle 20 cukkitgol ɗaɗi ƴiiƴam. Ardii golle ɗe ko Doktoor Muhammadu Lih, karallo ko fayti e oppeer ɓernde e ɗaɗi ƴiiƴam, hooreejo Fedde nde. Ina jeyaa e lappol ngolɗoo, doktoor Nuureddiin Ramadaan, karallo ñawbuuli ɓernde e ɗaɗi (Tunisi) e A. Bertrand, karallo ko fayti e «ɗanningol» (anesthésie) e ɗiftingol (réanimation), wonde e safrooɓe (infirmier) rewɓe nayo tuubakooɓe Faraysenaaɓe

kam e huunde haralleeɓe toowɓe cellal (Tunisi).

Tuggi hanki fayde hannde 12/10/10 lappol ngol waɗii opperaaji tati. Ko ngol woni ɗiɗmol e hitaande ndeeɗoo ko Fedde nde ina nelda e Muritani lappol ngol ngam safrude wonduɓe e ñawbuuli ɓernde e ɗaɗi Alla ɓolo.

Fedde Muritaninaare ko fayti e ɓernde sosaa ko e hitaande 2007 e gardagol doktoor Lih Muhamedu (jeyaaɗo Ɓoggee) ngam ustande ñawɓe ɓernde e ɗaɗi ƴiiƴam muuso e wallitde kadi ardiiɓe cellal e leydi ndi lelnude peeje mbele Muritaninaaɓe e koye mum en ina kuɓindoo ganndal ngal e karallaagal oppeer (chirurgie).

Fedde Muritaninaare ko fayti e ɓernde sosaa ko e hitaande 2007 e dow miijo Doktoor Muhamedu Lih (Ɓoggeenaajo) ngam wallitde ñawɓe ɓerɗe e wallude laamu Muritani lelnude laabi juumtuɗi naatnugol karallaagal e nder leydi he.

Dr Ly Mohamedou

Gaasuuji ɓeydooji nguleeki weeyo

Maande batu Kopenhag

Mbiimtam ndiyam (so a fasnii ndiyam, aɗa yiya ko wayi no cuurki nii ina wiimtoo, ko ndiyam wonti ɗoon cuurki). Gaasuuji gaddoojii seer ɗii kala so ndenndinaama, mbiitam ndiyam wonata heen ko 70%. Kono, nde tawnoo ɗam ɓooyataa e weeyo (balɗe 10 so heewii), batte mum e ɓeydagol nguleeki ina pamɗi (ɗam wontata ko duule walla lay). Yanti heen, wonaa golle aadee ngaddata ɗum, sibu ɗum jeyaa ko e baylagol diƴƴe gaadorangol.

Gaas karbonik (CO2) e gaas biyeteeɗo metaan walla won ɗiin gasuuji ummotooɗi e « filtoks », walla ɓuuɓnooji (gaasuuji filsideer ekn …) walla kadi ko wiyetee Oson ko, ko gaasuuji gaddooji « seer » ɓooyooji no feewi e nder weeyo (hakkunde duuɓi 20 e duuɓi 50 000), tawi yoga heen ko aadee saabii ɗum en. Gaas karbonik ina waawi wonnde 100 hitaande e nder weeyo. Omo jogii iwdiiji ɗiɗi : kuɓɓugol geɗe ummiiɗe e ɓarakke nguurndam (petroŋ, ƴulɓe, cuurki laaɗe ekn …) walla ustagol leɗɗe (maaygol dunli, walla cumu ladde …). Ko neɗɗo woni sabaabu ko ɓuri heewde e makko. l Gaas biyeteeɗo metaan oo ne ina waawi wonde e weeyo fotde duuɓi 14. Omo waawi ummoraade e sato (alaa ko neɗɗo woni heen) e nokkuuji leppuɗi e ñolgol puɗi … walla o ummoroo e ndema (gese ilneteeɗe) ekn… l Gaas biyeteeɗo protoksid asot (N2O) heewi ummoraade ko ndema (engere) walla kuɓɓugol batte nguurndam, walla e golle mbaylaandi (isinaaji). l Gaasuuji kuutorteeɗi e « filitoks » walla e « filsideeruuji » maa kilimatiseeruuji ekn … ko neɗɗo woni sabaabu mum en. Eɗi mboni e weeyo no feewi. l Gaas biyeteeɗo Oson oo, maa rennda e on ɗiin gaasuuji goɗɗi nde jogoo batte ɗe moƴƴaani e weeyo. Bonannde makko kadi fawii ko e nokku ɗo o tawetee : won e nokkuuji (tooweeki hakkunde 12 e 50 kiloomeeteer) o ɓuuɓtintu weeyo (ɗo omo moƴƴi e men).

Ko firti « seer »

Ko ɓuri heewde e cereeli naange taccat weeyo, njana e leydi, ngulna ɗum. Leydi ne, « rokkita » (wukkita) huunde e kiin nguleeki feewde e weeyo. Mbiimtam ndiyam e gaas karbonik e gaasuuji goɗɗi (woni gaasuuji gaddooji seer) moɗa kiin nguleeki, kaɗa ɗum ŋabbude, nii woni ɓeyda ngulleki weeyo. Ko ɗum woni ko wiyetee « seer ».

Hol ko haaletee e kaɓirgal yerɓo leydi

Doroon (ndiwoowa ka alaa konndiroowo)

E wolde adunankoore ɗiɗmere, won annduɓe Nuwel Selande (Nouvelle-Zélande) etinoo tafde masiŋ duppitoowo keneeli baawɗi huccineede e Japon. Jarribooji keewɗi mbaɗaama, hay so tawii ɗi njaajaani, e 1944-1945. Tee, ɗi njuumtii. Wonande Dental Amerik, ngaal ɗoon tuugnorgal fotnoo faayiida ko e tuugnorgal « Eɓɓaande Manhattan » peewnugol bommno atomik.

Jeertino : Hannde, yoga e jaayndiyankooɓe leyɗe hirnaange njaagiri haalooɓe ko wayi nii, ko no yimɓe miijiyankooɓe ko fayti e moojobe (ɓe moojobe owni hakkillaaji mum en, ko anndiraa« théorie du complot »). Kono tan, eɗen njenanaa ɗeeɗoo geɗe :

- So tawii leydi ina feewna kaɓirgal kesal alaa mo hollitta ɗum, walla nii yahata ko e yeddude ɗum ;

- To bannge ganndal, alaa ko haɗi ɗum aamnaade …
- Won ko jaayɗe leyɗe hirnaange ina kaala ko heewi, yimɓe ina njenanaa wonaa goonga : yeruuji ina keewi : “warngooji Timisuwara” to Rumani laatiima fenaande ; Ko ɓe kaalata e bonanndeeji baɗnooɗi to Kammbodje, walla ko wiyetee Siin walla Dental Sowiyet, walla ko ɓe ɓakkata e juulɓe ekn … E sahaa kala ɓe kollitirta leyɗe walla yimɓe ɓe ɓe njiidaa miijo ko e mbaydi ndi moƴƴaani. Kono kay, e yeru, hay gooto majjaani bonanndeeji ɗi Amerik maa Farayse mbaɗi to Inndosiin, walla dahngo Afriknaaɓe ngo haaletaake ekn … Enen ne ko ɗum addanta waasde yiyrude kabaruuji ɗi, no ɓe njiyrata ɗum nii, e jaggude e hakkillaaji men wonde “ina waawi wonde”, “ina waawi waasde wonde” : ko ɗum kadi addanta en hollitde kabaruuji ɗii kala, ko ɓeeɗoo kaalata e ko ɓeya too kaalata; ko heddii ko, gooto fof jokkitira hakkille mum. Fooyre Ɓamtaare

Hol ko yimɓe nganndi e kaɓirgal yerɓo leydi (winndannde jaayndiyanke biyeteeɗo Thierry Meyssan)

"E wolde adunankoore ɗiɗmere, won annduɓe Nuwel Selande (Nouvelle-Zélande) etinoo tafde masiŋ duppitoowo keneeli baawɗi huccineede e Japon. Jarribooji keewɗi mbaɗaama, hay so tawii ɗi njaajaani, e 1944-1945. Tee, ɗi njuumtii. Wonande Dental Amerik, ngaal ɗoon tuugnorgal fotnoo faayiida ko e tuugnorgal « Eɓɓaande Manhattan » peewnugol bommno atomik. Ɓe toɗɗinooma nii ganndo biyeteeɗo Karl Compton yo jokkondir hakkunde eɓɓaaɗe ɗiɗi ɗe. O ƴettii annduɓe heewɓe ngam gollaade heen. O jeyanoo ko e yimɓe njeetato ɓe persidaa Truman diisnotonoo ko fayti e kuutoragol bommbo atomik o. O miijotonoo ko oon bommbo ina waawi rokkude masiŋ duppitoowo keneeli o semmbe mbele ina duppita guubiliiji mawɗi. Golle njiylawu paytuɗe e ngal kaɓirgal njokkii caggal hare adunakoore ɗiɗmere. E hitaande 1947, laamɗo Biritaan (Angalteer), takkani ganndo toppitinooɗo ɗum o (Thomas Leech) galaŋ « Chevalier » laamaandi Biritaan, sabu makko fentude ngal kaɓirga kesal. Kono ɗuum bayyinaaka, nde tawnoo, e oon sahaa, hafeere maggal ko «sirlu koninkaagu » wonnoo. Kono tan, e hitaande 1999, caggal nde jaagorde (ministeer) Nuwel Seland felliti bayyinde huunde e duttorɗe mum, feeñii heen wonde ngaal tuugnorgal ina woodnoo ko aldaa e sikke.

Yimɓe ina nganndi kadi, golle ɗe ƴettitaama to Iniwersitee Waikato. Anndaaka so tawii golle ɗe ina njokkunoo e kitaale 1960. Ko laaɓi en tan, ɗe ƴettitaama nde jarribo nikleyeer e nder weeyo haɗtaa nde, faytaa e jarribo nder geec. Dental Amerik ina hulnoo yerɓinde leydi e duppitde tsunaamiiji tawi welaaka. Ɗum noon, ɓe ndaranii waawde waɗde ɗum nde ɓe mbelaa.

To dow, Dental Amerik e Riisi, caggal nde ciifi « nanondiral jowitiingal e kaɗgol huutoraade karallaagal baylowal sato to bannge koninkaagu walla e sifaaji hare goɗɗi », e hitaande 1976, njebbiliima woppude wolde sato (yerɓo leydi, tsunaamiiji, baylugol ngonka nguurdam nokku, waylugol sifaa weeyo – duule, toɓo, guubiliiji, ƴiiwoole – baylugol kilimaa e jiriiɗe diƴƴe e ngonka laral oson walla iyonosfeer).

Kono tan, tuggi 1975, Riisi umminii wiɗtooji kesi paytuɗi e ganndal sulɗdildiƴƴaagu (Magnétohydrodynamique : MHD). Fayndaare majjum ko wiɗtude laral leydi e anndude nde yerɓo leydi waɗata. Ɓe ƴeewi no ɓe mbaawirta waɗde jerɓe leydi tokoose, ngam haɗde mawɗe ɗe. Ɗoon e ɗoon ɗiin wiɗtooji kuutoraa to bannge koninkaagu. Ɓe tafi masiŋ jerɓinoowo leydi inniraaɗo Pamir.

Nde Dental Sowiyet fusi, ardinooɓe ɗeen golle pelliti yahde Dental Amerik yiylaade ko ndañi, kono, nde tawnoo wiɗto maɓɓe joofaano, Pentagon jaɓaani ƴettude ɓe. E hitaande 1995, e saanga nde Boris Eltesin ardii Riisi nde, Konu weeyo Amerik (Us Air Force) felliti hasde wiɗtooɓe ɓe kam e laboratuwaar mum en to nokku ina wiyee Nijni Novgorod. Ɓe tafi toon masiŋ ɓurɗo semmbolinde, hono Pamir 3, mo jarribo mum yuumti sanne. Nii woni Pentagon soodti yimɓe ɓe e kaɓirɗe ɗe, addi ɓe Amerik, ɓe naattinaa e eɓɓaande HAARP.

Ina yiyee wonde kaɓirgol yerɓo leydi jarribaama e duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ɗi, yeru to Alaseri e to Turki. Kono ɓuri darjude ko yerɓo leydi waɗnoongo to Siisuwan (Siin), e lewru mee 2008. Hojomaaji 30 ko adii yerɓo leydi ngo, hoɗɓe e nokku he ceediima e asamaan goobuuji ɗi ngaadoraaka yiyeede heen. Ina gasa tawa semmbe kuutoraaɗo ngam yerɓinde leydi o adda mbayliigaaji weeyo, hay so tawii noon, won yiyruɓe ɗum no « nattugol asamaan hoolaade maruciyankooɓe » nii. Hannde, e oo ñalawma, sinuwaaji ina njenanaa ɗuum.

So en ngartii e Hayiti.

Alaa ceerungal woni hakkunde yerɓo leydi ngo neɗɗo waɗi e ngo tago waɗi, hay so tawii noon yimɓe mbaawi waɗde tan ko yerɓo ngo luggiɗaani no feewi, hono no Hayiti nii.

Ɓeydi ɗo faayre, ko no Amerik yaawri nootaade heen nii. Nde jaayɗe Amerik ɓamtata jaabondiral wiyooɓe wonde Amerik yaɓɓii ndimaagu Hayiti, ɓurnoo woƴde jaayɗe leyɗe Amerik worgo ko jaawgol konu Amerik yettaade e leydi he, sibu, e ñalawma gadano oo tan tawi fotde 10 000 soldaat naatii Hayiti. Kono ɗum na weeɓi faamde sibu ɓeeɗoo soldateeɓe ngonnoo ko e ekkito paabagol Hayiti so tawii mobbooru yanii e mum. Seneraal Kiin (Keen), gardiiɗo taƴre konu nde, ko ɗoon ngonnoo ko ina wona balɗe ko adii. Nde leydi ndi yerɓi nde, ɓe ɗuhii ko to Ammbasaad Dental Amerik mo yerɓo leydi alaa ko bonnata e mahdi mum, haa heddii soldeteeɓe ɗiɗo, wonnooɓe oon sahaa to Hotel Montana, wiyaaɓe ko gaañiiɓe. (…). Seneraal Kiin haalii e jaayɗe keewɗe, wonde ko ɗoon yerɓannde leydi nde tawi ɗum, kono o haalaani ko addunoo mo ɗoon.

Ina jeyanoo heen ekkito koninkaagu ngo, ƴeewndaade lojisiel juɓɓinoowo balle Pelle ɗe ngonaa laamuyankooje (FNGL) e konu. Hojomaaji seeɗa caggal yerɓo ngo, lojisiel o yollaama, ko ina wona 280 FNGL mbinnditii heen. Ko ngolɗoo kawritgol addani yimɓe heewɓe wiyde wonaa mehre e sikkitaade heen Dental Dowlaaji Amerik."

Fulo : Bookara A. Bah

-------------------------

Pentagon

Pentagon ko huɓeere wonnde to nokku ina wiyee Arlington, to Wirsiñi (Virginie) sara Wasinton (Washington). Ko ɗoon woni gollorde departemaa Ndeenka Dental Dowlaaji Amerik. E hitaande 2009, fotde 26 000 neɗɗo (siwil e militeer) ina ngollotonoo ɗoon. Innde nde noon ummii ko e mbaydi mahateeri ndi, hono joykiɓɓal (pentagone woni darngo waɗngo banngeeji joy). Huɓeere nde waɗi ko taakawuuji 5. Nde hurmbitaa ko ñalnde 15 saawiyee 1943. Kayre kay woni huɓeere birooji ɓurnde mawnude e winndere nde. A nde waɗi 28 km boleeru (couloir), gane joy taartondirɗe. Nde mahraa ko betoŋ cemmbinaaɗo, tiiɗtiniraaɗo asiyee. (Fooyre Ɓamtaare)

Kelmeendi

Laral leydi :                      croûte terrestre

Taartondirɗe :                   concentriques

Guubiliiji :                         tsunami

Sirlu koninkaagu :             secret militaire

Jaagorde (ministeer) :        ministère

Wolde sato :                     guerre environnementale

Joykiɓɓal :                       pentagone – figure géométrique à 5 côtés –

                                       (Pentagon woni darngo waɗngo banngeeji joy)

Dildiƴƴaagu :                    hydrodynamique

Sulɗdildiƴƴaagu :          magnétohydrodynamique (sulɗaande e dille e diƴƴe)

---------------------------

Hojomaaji seeɗa ko adii yerɓo leydi to Siisuwan (Siin)

30 hojom ko adii yerɓo leydi ndi

30 mins before the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in... par personne44

Hol ko jogori saabaade darnga ?

darnga ?

Geɗe nay kewooje e nder weeyo, hakkunde tagopeeje, ina mbaawi saabaade ɗum, mbooma winndere nde, muumta nguurndam e leydi ndi haa laaɓa.

Ina waawi wonde pelɓondiral (cokkondiral) : woni leydi buɓɓondira (sokkondira) e tagofeere woɗnde. Ɗum meeɗii kewde : ɓarakke majjum ina tawee to Meksik, e nokku ina wiyee Yukatan. Ɗum waɗii ko ina wona 65 miliyoŋ hitaande. Ko e oon sahaa tagooje biyeteeɗe « dinosoor » majji. Ko tagofeere walla « hoodere laaci » walla haayre mawnde, nde njaajeendi mum tolnii e kiloomeeteruuji 10.

Ina waawi wonde « puccital » wolkaa (volcan) mawɗo, moolanooɗo : ɗum wonaa daarol, ina waawi wonde, sibu ɗum meeɗii waɗde to rewo Inndo : haa hannde ndeelam kayam kaaƴe ina tawee ɗoon, ina huurii e wertallo tolniingo e njaajeendi leydi Farayse. Puccital ngal juutii, ko ɗum waɗi ina sikkaa e ɗum jeyaa e ko saabii majjugol « dinosoor en ».

Kalitgol hoodere mawnde

E wiyde annduɓe, so tawii hoodere nde mawnugol mum sowii laabi 8 mawnugol naange men nge, woɗɗunde en fotde 25 hitaande-annore (47 miliyaar kiloomeeteer) kalitii, ɗuum maa waɗ batte bonɗe e winndere men he : Sibu ma ɗum bonnu leppol osoon kuuringol e leydi men ndi, ɗum noon reftata heen ko maaygol puɗi e kullon diƴƴe, ɗum noon ko heege ronata ɗum. Ma a taw ko en malaaɓe, sibu e ndeeɗoo yolnde, hoodere fotnde nii woodaani.

Cumu ɓalli

Ɗumɗoo ko huunde jogornde kewde, anndaande, nde hay huunde waawaa falaade : ɓeydagol nguleeki naange. Ina anndaa naange ina ɓeydoo saasde : hannde nge ɓuri wulde e sahaa dinosoor en. Ɗoo e teemedde miliyoŋaaji hitaande, maa naange nge ɓeydo saasde no feewi, haa ndiyam geecuuji hora : rewata e ɗuum ko nattugol nguurndam aamnaade e winndere men nde.

Camille Sarret (Ƴoogirde : Sit RFI) / Firo : BAB

Kelmeendi

- cokkondiral : collision

- Puccital : éruption

- Leppol : couche

Hol ko saabii leydi ina heewi yerɓude to Yaabaan ?

Batte yerɓo leydi

Ngam dottude, eɗen mbaawi wiyde wonde Japoŋ tagiraa ko yerɓude. Japoŋ ko gorwoocol duuɗe hakkunde geec, pawiiɗe e nokku ɗo lare nay leydi mawɗe kawriti. laral Pasifik, laral Amerik-hirnaange, laral Oraasi (Orop-Asi), e laral Pilipiin.

Laral Pasifik ngo ina dirta no feewi feewde hirnaange (fotde 8 cm hitaande kala) ; kanngo heedi les keddiiɗe ɗee. Kala nokku pottital paɗe bayɗo noon ina heewi heewde dille (yerɓo), tee leydi ina heewi fuccitaade ɗoon (wolkaa). Japoŋ nii fawii ɗoon ko e nokku biyeteeɗo «dadol jaynge», sibu ko e dow 450 wolkaa taartiiɗi Pasifik, tuggude Pantagoni haa Alaskaa, tuggi Kamtesatkaa haa Nuwel Selannde.

Hono yerɓo leydi 11 maaris ngoo doolnude meeɗaa waɗde e Japoŋ (toɓɓe 8,9) ; ɗuum so ƴeewdaama e yerɓo Kobee waɗnoongo ñalnde 16 saawiyee 1995 (toɓɓe 6,9) ina woɗɗondiri. Yerɓo doolnungo waɗnoongo e leydi he ñalnde 15 suwee 1896 (duuɓi 111 hikka) ko toɓɓe 8,5 umminiino wempeƴere ndiyam mawnde, moolanaande (meeteruuji 25 tooweendi), boomi tufnde Sanriku, wari ko ina tolnoo e 22 000 neɗɗo. Haa e oo aljumaa 11, yerɓo ɓurnoongo doolnude waɗnoongo e leydi he waɗnoo ko ñalnde 1 settaambar 1923 (hakkunde 7,9 e 8,3) : ngo bonniino fotde 700 000 hoɗorde e nder diiwanuuji Tokiyoo e Yokohoma, ngo yooɓii fotde 143 000 fittaandu.

E nder ɓetirgal doole yerɓo leydi biyeteengal Richter, so jerɓe leydi ɓurondirii toɓɓere wootere, yeru, heen yerɓo wonii 7, ngoya wonii 8, ina wayi no yay (amplitude) yerɓo 8 ngoo ina sowoo laabi sappo yay yerɓo 7 ngoo, kono semmbe yerɓo 8 ngoo, ina sowoo laabi 30 semmbe yerɓo 7 ! Nii woni semmbe yerɓo toɓɓe 6 tolnondiri ko e semmbe bommbe atomik mo Amerik werlinoo e Hirosimaa (15 ujunere ton TNT) ; semmbe yerɓo toɓɓe 7 tolnotoo ko e 474 ujunere ton TNT ; semmbe yerɓo toɓɓe 8,9 waɗngo jooni ngo, tolnii ko e kalito 336 miliyoŋ ton TNT !

E binndol walla mbiyen e haala, toɓɓe daawirgal Richter alaa ɗo kaaɗi, kono, e ko tabiti, yerɓo leydi meeɗaa ɓurde toɓɓe 9,5 ; woni doole yerɓo leydi waɗnoongo to Sili e hitaande 1960, umminnoongo wempeƴere moolanaande (tsunami). E ko aadoraa, yerɓo leydi fuɗɗotoo tineede ko hedde toɓɓe 3 haa 4 (jerɓe tolniiɗe ɗoo ina mbaɗa fotde laabi teemedde ujunnaaje hitaande kala). Yerɓo leydi ina wiyee doolnii tuggude toɓɓe 6. Tuggi 8 fayi dow, heewaani waɗde (laawol gootol hitaande kala), kono so waɗii heewi ko boomde. E nder ɗiiɗoo duuɓi 10 cakkitiiɗi, musibbaaji tago 13 mbaɗii.

E miijo Nikolai Shapiro, gardiiɗo wiɗto to CNRS , kalfinaaɗo kippu ko fayti e yerɓo leydi to nokku biyeteeɗo Institut de physique du globe de Paris (Duɗal ganndal fisik winndere to Pari), «yerɓooji leydi ɓurɗi bonde ko ɓurɗi ɓallaade nokkuuji koɗaaɗi, wonaa yerɓooji ɓurɗi doolnude», ɗum noon, «so leydi yerɓii e eeɓol wuro mawngo, yeru yerɓo leydi waɗnoongo to Kobee e 1995, ɗum ɓuri heewde bonannde. Tolno maggo ko toɓɓe 6,9 wonnoo, e ngo jaasi yerɓo hannde ngo toɓɓe ɗiɗi, ɓurondiral mawngal no feewi (semmbe yerɓo hannde ngo ina sowoo laabi 60 semmbe maggo), kono kanngo ɓuri boomde yimɓe nde tawnoo eeɓi maggo ko e wuro he ngoni».

Hol ko sabii cumuuji ina ummoo caggal nde leydi yerɓi ?

Nde leydi yerɓi to Japoŋ e hitaande 1923, ko cumu bonni koɗorɗe keewɗe. Sabinoo ɗum, ko yerɓo ngo waɗnoo ko hedde midi, tawi yimɓe heewɓe ina kuɓɓi jayli ina ndefa bottaari. Ko hono noon kadi, nde leydi yerɓi to Saafaraasiskoo (San Francisco) e hitaande 1906, cumuuji keewɗi nduppitiima nde tawi ko ɓuri heewde heen saabii ɗum en ko pusgol tiwooji nawooji gaas. Ina jeyaa heen kuraa.

Mbele ko lewru ɓallittoo leydi sahaa e sahaa koo fof ina waawi saabaade yerɓo leydi e no won heen mbiyri nii ?

Eɗen nganndi ñiso lewru e naange ina ɓerna diƴƴe geec, ko noon kadi ngo ƴernirta laral Leydi men ndi. E ngo yettoo 55 cm to ŋorol peccol. Kono tan, e hono no Nikolai Shapiro wiyri nii, «batte ƴero walla ñoƴƴo weeyo walla bempeƴƴe ina pamɗi so ƴeewdaama e batte doole nderndere dillaango Leydi kam e ɓosgol paɗe leydi. Ɗeen doole nderndere e doole boowal ina ɓurondiri no feewi.» Ɓallitagol sahaa e sahaa fof Lewru ngol (fotde 40 000 km ina hakkunde nokku ɓurɗo woɗɗude en oo e ɓurɗo ɓallaade en oo) ina famɗi ko battinta e ngalɗoo ɓurondiral.

Hol no tsunami ardata ?

So leydi yerɓii nder geec, fonngo mum yolɓitto walla ƴuuña (suutoo) e nder mudda daɓɓo no feewi. Ko ɗuum umminta wempeƴere. Wonaa ndiyam ɗam yahata, alaa ko wempeƴere ummotoo (hono no eyɓiniraa e natal ngonngal hee nii), no ‘’ola’’ e nder estaad nii fuku bal nii ; sibu ɗoon yimɓe ɓe ngummoto tan, njuuɗtoo gooto gooto, kono hay gooto e maɓɓe ɓosaani ɗo wonnoo.

Nder geec to, wempeƴere nde ina waawi waasde toowde. Hay so tawii tsunami ina yaawi koyngal, ñay onndo mu mina mawni no feewi, haa ko laaɗe gonɗe nder geec keewaani nii tinde mo. Ina wiyee nii wonde fenti helmere «tsunami» (nde firti e haala Japoŋ ko wempeƴere tufnde) ndee ko awooɓe, sibu wonnooɓe nder geec, ɓe tinataa hay dara, ƴeeŋtoyi tawi tufnde mum en ina boni haa boni. Wempeƴere ndee ƴerata ko maa diwta luggere, ara e pokpokolam, hono no neɗɗo hofirta kaayit nii. Ɗoon e ɗoon kadi ndiyam ɗam bippita, caggal ɗuum wempeƴere ndee timpodoo e doole mawɗe ɗe alaa ko waawi faddaade ɗum en so wonaa tooweendi leydi. Ko ɗum tag iso tsunami arii yimɓe ina mbiyee ndogan nokkuuji toowɗi. (…)

Pierre Barthélémy

Fulo : Bookara Aamadu Bah

Jerɓe leydi battamboniije

Yerɓo leydi Shaanxi (1556 – Siin). Ngoon yerɓo anndiraa ko yerɓo nokku Hua: kanngo ɓuri bonde e jerɓe leydi kewnooɗe e winndere ndee, sibu ngo yooɓiima fotde 830 000 fittaandu ñalnde 23 saawiyee 1556, ngo boomi wertallo 800 km2. Won binnduɗo «kaaƴe e beeli ndirtii, laabi ubbiima. E won e nokkuuji, leydi ƴuufii haa wonti tule mawɗe, walla yolɓitii haa wonti caaɗli». Yerɓo ngoo ine millee hannde e toɓɓe 8.0
Yerɓo leydi Tangshan (1976 – Siin). Ngo waɗi ko subaka 28 sulyee 1976, waktu 3ɓo e hojomaaji 42, ngo boomi wuro ngo e nder leƴƴanɗe seeɗa. Doole maggo ko 7,8. Fotde 240 000 neɗɗo maayii heen. Ko ina wona 80% e jookinooɓe hakkunde ɓale e mboorndi mbaawii danndeede, kono jaabto tolniingo e 7,1 e kikiiɗe oon ñalawma gooto warii yimɓe heewɓe.
Yerɓo leydi Haiyuan (1920 – Siin). Ngoo yerɓo waɗi ko ñalnde 16 desaamburu 1920, ngo wari 73 000 neɗɗo e nder diiwaan Haiyuan he, jiidaa e 127 000 maayɓe e saraaji makko. Ɓeto maggo ko 7,8.
Yerɓo leydi Alep (1138 – Siiri). Wuro Alep, anndiraango hannde Halab, woni ko rewo leydi Siiri hannde ndii, dow nokku gebbi leydi. E hitaande 1138 yerɓo leydi tolniingo e 8,5 waɗii ɗoon. Batte majjum tinaama haa e nokkuuji poottiiɗi fotde 350 000 km.
Tsunami geec inndo (2004 – Asii). Ñalnde 26 desammbar 2004 leydi yerɓii nder geec, ummini bempeƴƴe ndiyam e leydi, woni tsunami jannooɗo e Inndo, Inndonoosi, Siri Lanka, e Taylannda. Doole maggo ko hakkunde 9,1 e 9,3. Kanko woni yerɓo leydi ɗiɗmo to bannge doolnugol anndaaka haa e ñalawma hannde o. E ngo jeyaa kadi e yerɓooji ɓurɗi juutde, sibu ngo waɗii hojomaaji 8 haa 10. Fotde 230 000 neɗɗo maayii heen.
Yerɓo leydi Damghan (856 – Iraan). E hitaande 856 yerɓo leydi tolniingo e toɓɓe 8.0 waɗii e wuro wiyeteengo Damghan e leydi mbiyeteendi hannde Iraan ndii. Ine wiyee ngo yooɓiima fotde 200 000 fittaandu. Leydi ina heewi yerɓude e Iraan, sibu ndi jooɗii ko e paɗe ɗiɗi leydi dillooje.
Yerɓo leydi Ardabil (1997 – Iraan). Iraan kadi, ñalnde 28 feebariyee 1995, leydi yerɓii fotde leƴƴanɗe 15 e rewo leydi ndii kala, fotde 150 000 neɗɗo maayi heen. Caggal ɗum ngo jaabtinii hedde laabi 350.
Yerɓo leydi Hokkaido (1730 – Yaabaan woni Japoŋ). E hitaande 1730 yerɓo leydi tolniingo e 8,3 yanii e duunde Japoŋ ɗiɗmere to bannge mawnugol wiyeteende Hokkaido, daɓɓiti leydi, ummini tsunami barɗi ko ina wona 137 000 neɗɗo.
Yerɓo leydi Ashgabat (1948 – Turkemenistaan). Ko e hitaande 1948 waɗnoo. Doole yerɓo ngo ko 7,3. Ngo yannoo ko e laamorgo Turkemenistaan, ngo heli ngo ha ngo ɗiggi. Maayɓe heen njettiima e 176 000.
Yerɓo leydi Kanto (1923 – Japoŋ). Ngoo boomii gure Tokiyo e Yokohama, cumuuli mawɗi nduppitii ; fotde 142 000 neɗɗo mbaasii heen pittaali mum en. Caggal ɗuum, nananti wonde korenaaɓe ina ngujja kaake, ina posna boyli, caabii njannguuji e warngoo 2 500 tumaranke.
Yerɓo leydi Port-au-Prince (2010 – Hayiti). Ko rawane tan wonnoo ; ñalnde 12 sawiyee 2010, hedde w16 e h53. Doole yerɓo ngoo tolniima e 7,1 haa 7,3. Wuddu maggo ko hedde 25 kiloomeeteer hakkunde mum e wuro ngoo. Ko famɗi fof 230 000 neɗɗo maayii heen.

____________________________________________________________________

Kelmeendi

Yerɓo leydi : tremblement de terre.
(So heewii wiyee «Jerɓe leydi»)
Yerbannde : secousse
Jaabto : réplique
Daɓɓito leydi : glissement de terrain
Wuddu yerɓo leydi : épicentre
yay : Amplitude
Daawirgal : échelle
----------------------------------
Ko firti TNT ?
TNT (trinitrotoluène) ko kalito (explosif) jiytaaɗo e hitaande 1863. Yiyti ɗum ko ganndo Almaany naajo ko fayti e Simi (chimie) biyeteeɗo Julius Wilbrand. Konu Almaany fuɗɗii huutoraade mo ko e hitaande 1902, Biritaannaave e hitaande 1907. Ko kanngo woni ɓetirgal doole bommbooje keddiiɗe ɗee : yeru bommbo atomik. Wiyee ooɗoo bommbo atomik ko ujunere ton TNT (kilooton) walla megaaton TNT (1 000 000 kiloo TNT) ekn… Bommbo mo Amerik werlinoo e wuro Hiroshila e hitaande 1945 ko 15 kilooton ɓetnoo.

l 1. Yerɓo leydi Shaanxi (1556 – Siin). Ngoon yerɓo anndiraa ko yerɓo nokku Hua: kanngo ɓuri bonde e jerɓe leydi kewnooɗe e winndere ndee, sibu ngo yooɓiima fotde 830 000 fittaandu ñalnde 23 saawiyee 1556, ngo boomi wertallo 800 km2. Won binnduɗo «kaaƴe e beeli ndirtii, laabi ubbiima. E won e nokkuuji, leydi ƴuufii haa wonti tule mawɗe, walla yolɓitii haa wonti caaɗli». Yerɓo ngoo ine millee hannde e toɓɓe 8.0

l 2. Yerɓo leydi Tangshan (1976 – Siin). Ngo waɗi ko subaka 28 sulyee 1976, waktu 3ɓo e hojomaaji 42, ngo boomi wuro ngo e nder leƴƴanɗe seeɗa. Doole maggo ko 7,8. Fotde 240 000 neɗɗo maayii heen. Ko ina wona 80% e jookinooɓe hakkunde ɓale e mboorndi mbaawii danndeede, kono jaabto tolniingo e 7,1 e kikiiɗe oon ñalawma gooto warii yimɓe heewɓe.

l 3. Yerɓo leydi Haiyuan (1920 – Siin). Ngoo yerɓo waɗi ko ñalnde 16 desaamburu 1920, ngo wari 73 000 neɗɗo e nder diiwaan Haiyuan he, jiidaa e 127 000 maayɓe e saraaji makko. Ɓeto maggo ko 7,8.

l 4. Yerɓo leydi Alep (1138 – Siiri). Wuro Alep, anndiraango hannde Halab, woni ko rewo leydi Siiri hannde ndii, dow nokku gebbi leydi. E hitaande 1138 yerɓo leydi tolniingo e 8,5 waɗii ɗoon. Batte majjum tinaama haa e nokkuuji poottiiɗi fotde 350 000 km.

l 5. Tsunami geec inndo (2004 – Asii). Ñalnde 26 desammbar 2004 leydi yerɓii nder geec, ummini bempeƴƴe ndiyam e leydi, woni tsunami jannooɗo e Inndo, Inndonoosi, Siri Lanka, e Taylannda. Doole maggo ko hakkunde 9,1 e 9,3. Kanko woni yerɓo leydi ɗiɗmo to bannge doolnugol anndaaka haa e ñalawma hannde o. E ngo jeyaa kadi e yerɓooji ɓurɗi juutde, sibu ngo waɗii hojomaaji 8 haa 10. Fotde 230 000 neɗɗo maayii heen.

l 6. Yerɓo leydi Damghan (856 – Iraan). E hitaande 856 yerɓo leydi tolniingo e toɓɓe 8.0 waɗii e wuro wiyeteengo Damghan e leydi mbiyeteendi hannde Iraan ndii. Ine wiyee ngo yooɓiima fotde 200 000 fittaandu. Leydi ina heewi yerɓude e Iraan, sibu ndi jooɗii ko e paɗe ɗiɗi leydi dillooje.

l 7. Yerɓo leydi Ardabil (1997 – Iraan). Iraan kadi, ñalnde 28 feebariyee 1995, leydi yerɓii fotde leƴƴanɗe 15 e rewo leydi ndii kala, fotde 150 000 neɗɗo maayi heen. Caggal ɗum ngo jaabtinii hedde laabi 350.

l 8. Yerɓo leydi Hokkaido (1730 – Yaabaan woni Japoŋ). E hitaande 1730 yerɓo leydi tolniingo e 8,3 yanii e duunde Japoŋ ɗiɗmere to bannge mawnugol wiyeteende Hokkaido, daɓɓiti leydi, ummini tsunami barɗi ko ina wona 137 000 neɗɗo.

l 9. Yerɓo leydi Ashgabat (1948 – Turkemenistaan). Ko e hitaande 1948 waɗnoo. Doole yerɓo ngo ko 7,3. Ngo yannoo ko e laamorgo Turkemenistaan, ngo heli ngo ha ngo ɗiggi. Maayɓe heen njettiima e 176 000.

l 10. Yerɓo leydi Kanto (1923 – Japoŋ). Ngoo boomii gure Tokiyo e Yokohama, cumuuli mawɗi nduppitii ; fotde 142 000 neɗɗo mbaasii heen pittaali mum en. Caggal ɗuum, nananti wonde korenaaɓe ina ngujja kaake, ina posna boyli, caabii njannguuji e warngoo 2 500 tumaranke.

l 11. Yerɓo leydi Port-au-Prince (2010 – Hayiti). Ko rawane tan wonnoo ; ñalnde 12 sawiyee 2010, hedde w16 e h53. Doole yerɓo ngoo tolniima e 7,1 haa 7,3. Wuddu maggo ko hedde 25 kiloomeeteer hakkunde mum e wuro ngoo. Ko famɗi fof 230 000 neɗɗo maayii heen.

____________________________________________________________________

Kelmeendi

Yerɓo leydi : tremblement de terre.

(So heewii wiyee «Jerɓe leydi»)

Yerbannde : secousse

Jaabto : réplique

Daɓɓito leydi : glissement de terrain

Wuddu yerɓo leydi : épicentre

yay : Amplitude

Daawirgal : échelle

Roɓii ɗum ko Bookara A. Bah

Hol no toɓo ardata ?

Silsil biimtagol e toɓo

Ko adii nde kaalaten haala toɓo, eɗen njaafnoo musiɗɓe annduɓe ko fayti e meteyoo (météo), ko nanndi e Umar Abdalla Wele en, Maamuudu Bah en, Alasan Kaaliidu Bah en (Taagutalla) e woɗɓe ɓe en nganndaa tawi ko haralleeɓe majjum … Winndannde ndeeɗoo wallifaa ko e hitaande 1981. Nde yaltiino e tonngoode 5 Fooyre Ɓamtaare (oktoobar, noowammbar, desammbar) e tonngoode 7 (abriil, mee, suwee 1982). Ina wayi no ko en « wultinɓe » winndannde nde. Ɗum noon ɓe njaafoo en so tawii won ko ñawi heen, ɓe mballa en e sellitinde.

Hol ko woni duule ? Hol no toɓo ardata ? Ɗum ko huunde e naamne ɗe etoto-ɗen jaabaade e ndee winndannde

Eɗen teskii so eɗen pasna ndiyam, eɗen njiya ko wayi no cuurki nii ina wiimtoo : ko ndiyam woni ɗoon ; eɗen mbiya ɗam mbiimtam. Nganndirten ko cuurki ndiyam (cuuram) woni ɗoon ko ƴetten hippoode yoornde, tiimnen ɗum e hunuko barme biimtotooɗo o : ɓooyataa o leppa haa baade ndiyam ciimta. Walla kadi ƴetten kaas joorɗo kippen e hunuko berreede ɗalnde, ma en njiy o leppa haa ndiyam wona e siimtude.

Naange ne so feerii, huunde e ndiyam ngonno-ɗam e leydi walla e beeli, maaje, geec, wiimtoto, ŋabba, naata e weeyo. So henndu ɓuuɓndu naatii e ngoon weeyo, ndiyam ngonno-ɗam heen ɗam (e ngonka cuurki) fenndoo, wonta duule : ruulde ko ndiyam penndiɗam.

Ɗeen duule noon, ina ɓeydoo ɓuuɓde tan ina ɓeydoo fenndaade, baade ɗe ina ɓeydoo mawnude, ha ɗe njettoo e nokku mo nganndu-ɗaa ɗe teddii no feewi, ɗe ngona e saamde : woni toɓo. Toɓo ngo jibina beeli ekn … leppina leydi ; so naange ngee feerii kadi ɗam wona e wiimtaade, ɗam toɓa kadi … noon, noon … alaa happu.

Geɗe teeŋtuɗe potɗe arde nde toɓo aamnoo ko ɗeeɗoo :

Goodaangal ndiyam e dow leydi (so beeli, maaje, geec, walla leydi leppundi) ;
Nguleeki (mbele ndiyam ɗam ina waawa wiimtaade) ;
Ɓuuɓol weeyo (mbele ndiyam ɗam ina waawaa fenndaade).

Ina woodi kadi geɗe ballitooje walla kaɗooje toɓo. Yeru, ina hasii nokku ɓurɗo waawde toɓde kala tawata ko nokku gulɗo (sahaa nguleeki) e heewde ndiyam (so tawii kaɗooje ngalaa kay), ko wayi no nokkuuji ŋorol peccol. Ko ɗum boom jeyi sabaabu ƴiiwoole ŋorol peccol ina ndoolni, keewi ndiyam. Kono, eɗen ngoɗɗitoo ŋorol peccol tan doole ƴiiwoole ina ustoo, haa njetto-ɗen gulli leydi, ɗo nganndu-ɗaa ƴiiwataa saka toɓa, sibu toon wulaani saka ndiyam wiimtoo, saka toɓa. En mbiyiino wonde ina woodi geɗe ballitooje toɓo ekn …

En kaaliino nafoore nguleeki ...
Keneeli : ko adii fof keneeli ina mballita biimtagol ndiyam. Keneeli leppuɗi nokkuuji gulɗi ina ngadda toɓo so naatii e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi. Eɗen mbaawi rokkude yeru e baaruuji hirnaange e worgo (kenal demminaare, njugooru, loowooru …) : o ummii ko to nokkuuji gulɗi, leppuɗi …
Dunli leɗɗe : Mawɓe men ina keewnoo wiyde « leɗɗe ina pooɗa toɓo ». Ngol konngol tuugii ko e teskuya, kono ko teskuya celluɗo, heddii ko faamde holno dunndu fooɗirta toɓo. E ko anndaa, dow dunli ina heewi ɓuuɓde. Ko ngool ɓuuɓol wallitaa penndagol ndiyam. Neke eɗen poti hisnude dunli men, ndaro-ɗen e lorde leɗɗe haa keewa.
Tooweeki (kaaƴe ekn …) : so duule kawrii e kaaƴe toowɗe, ɗe toowtat (ɗe ɓeydoo toowde) woni ɗe ɓeydoo ɓuuɓde (dow ɓuri ɓuuɓde e les), nii woni ɗe toɓa (baade ndiyam, walla mbarmballe ekn … ). Ko noon paamraten, kala nokku keewɗo kaaƴe toowɗe, ina heewi toɓooli, kono, ɗuum ko to bannge duule ɗe ngardata too tan, ko ɗoon ndiyam ɗam fof heewi yuppaade. Bannge dumtiiɗo o heewi wonde ko joorɗo, sibu duule ɗe ngonata ko e tellitaade, ɗum noon ɓeydoto wulde, toɓo ngo saaya.
Ɓallagol geec ; ko e dow geec ndiyam ɓuri waawde wiimtaade (ɗo ɓuri heewde ndiyam). So dabbunde naatii, njoorndi ndi ɓurata ɓuuɓde. Ko ɗum tagi e oon sahaa (e dabbunde) nokkuuji daande geec ɓuri waawde toɓeede. Daande geec Nuwaasoot heewaani toɓo dabbunde : tagi ɗum ko waraango ɓuuɓngo (haɗoowo mbiimtam) na heedi en to bannge henndu ndu ummortoo o, ngoon waraango woni waraango kanari. Ndiyam ɗam wiimtotaako no feewi ngati ine ɓuuɓi.

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Ina jokki

Hoodere moolanaande nder kammu

Annduɓe ɓee mbiyi hoodere ndee dañii miliyoŋ hitaande

Kayre ɓuri koode ganndaaɗe ɗee kala teddude to woɗɗi. Annduɓe ko fayti e kuule kammu (astoronomi) ceediima e lonngorɗe mum en ɓooɗde gaas mawnde, fooynunde (leernde) no feewi, e nder ruulngo wiyeteengo Tarentule. Ina sikkaa hono mayre e teddude meeɗaa yiyeede. Ɓe kuutorii ko lonngorɗe teleskop Ƴeewirde Orop worgo (ESO), kam e lonngorɗe teleskop biyeteeɗo Hubble.

Teddeendi mayre ina sowoo, ko famɗi fof, laabi 300 teddeendi naange men nge. Ɗum noon sowiima laabi ɗiɗi teddeendi cikketenoondi woni teddeendi ɓurndi mawnude wonande hoodere. Nde nde jibinaa nde, nde peesatnoo ko laabi 320 teddeendi naange men nge. Hannde, nde « fooƴtii » sibu nde artii e laabi 300 teddeendi naange. Nde inniraa ko R136a1. Kayre ndeeɗoo hoodere, no nde huɓɓirta nii ina hulɓinii : ɗum addani leergol mayre sowaade laabi miliyoŋaaji sappo leergol naange.

Ndeeɗoo hoodere ɓujere, yiyaa ko hakkunde ñukkere (amas) koode wonnde e ruulngo (nébuleuse) Tarentule, wonngo kam ne e nder Ruulde Mawnde Magellan, hono galaksi mo nganndu-ɗaa 165 000 hitaande-annoore ina ɓilii hakkunde mum e Galaksi men o, hono Fedannde malaaɗo (Voie Lactée).

Annduɓe ɓe njiytii koode ɓuje keewɗe, ɓurɗe R136a1 mawnude, kono ɓurɗe ɗum hoyde to woɗɗi. Kañje fof ɓuri naange leerde e wulde to pucci ndogata, sibu nguleeki majje ina waawi yettaade 40 000 degere Celsius, woni laabi jeeɗiɗi nguleeki naange.

Koode ɓuje ina njaawi ko ndoytata, tee caayrata ko cukaagu, sibu ɓurnde mawnude e majje wuurataa ko ɓuri miliyoŋaaji tati hitaande, dumunna daɓɓo e nder ganndal kuule asamaan. Ɗum na jeyaa e ko saɗtini jiytugol majje.

Ƴoogirde : maxisciences

Tesko :

E nder ganndal faru (Cosmos), galaksi ko dental koode e gaasuuji e punndi e ɓakdi ɓaleeri, tawa woni hakkunde mum ko gaw ɓaleejo pattamteddo.

Fedannde Malaaɗo, galaksi mo yuɓɓo naange woni e mum o, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e teemedde miliyaar hoodere, tee njaajeendi makko ko hedde 100 000 hitaande-annoore. Ina hiisee wonde faru (woni weeyo tagaango) jiyotooɗo o, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e teemedde miliyaaruuji galaksiiji ɗi teddeendi kakindiindi, ɗum jiydaani e galaksiiji dooɓaaɗi ɗi keeweendi mum en anndaaka, sabu pamɗugol mum en e niɓɓiɗgol mum en.

Njaajeendi faru tagaaɗo anndaaka, tee omo waawi waɗde limoore galaksiiji nde alaa ɗo haaɗi.

Hitaande annoore ko yolnde annoore dogata e nder hitaande no woorunoo, woni e nder balɗe 365 ¼, woni 300 000 x 60 x 60 x 24 x 365 ¼ , hawra 9 467 280 000 000 kiloomeeteer (9 500 miliyaar kiloomeeteer).

Njaajeendi galaksi men o : 100 000 hitaande annoore, so hiisaama ina tolnooe 946 728 000 000 000 000kiloomeeteer (946 728 000 miliyaar kiloomeeteer, fotde miliyoŋaaji ujunere miliyaar kiloomeeteer). Ƴeewaa noon faru men ina waɗi miliyaaruuji limtilimtinɗi galaksiiji : Ko Alla tan anndi mawneeki tagoore mum, hakille neɗɗo waawaa ɗum huɓindaade !!!!

Kelmeendi kuutoraandi

Masse : ñiso

Amas : ñukkere (joowre)

Massif : mawteddu(+M.I)

Poids : teddeendi

Univers : faru

Espace : weeyo

Nébuleuse : ruulngo

Télescope : Teleskop / lonngorgal faru

Géant : Ɓujiɗ(+M.I) / Maamaa(+M.I)

Astre : kuulel asamaan

Astronomie : ganndal kuule asamaan

Densité : tekkeendi

Galaxie : galaksi / jiryirngal

Trou noir : Gaw ɓaleejo

Supermassif : pattamtedd(+M.L.)

Voie lactée : Fedannde Malaaɗo

Japon ina anniyii yeñtinde « kuuraa » ummoraade e weeyo

Jeñtingol yiite ummoraade weeyo

Wonaa jooni jooni, ko ɗoo e duuɓi 20, hedde 2030. Japon miijii ko mahde «isin yiite» weeyo baawoowo heɓɓaade cereeli naange waɗta ɗum yiite, nelda ɗum leydi (nelda en) e mbaydi sereendu laseer (rayon laser) walla e mikroo-onde (micro ondes). Ɗumɗoo wonaa fenaande, ko goonga, sibu laamu Japon toɗɗiima nii pelle njiylawu potɗe tabitinde ko haalaa ko. Ina jeyaa heen sosiyatee mawɗo toppitiiɗo ko fayti e semmbe e weeyo biyeteeɗo Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, potɗo gollondirde e Duɗal njiylawu paytuɗo e laakon weeyo kon koɗaaka, duɗal denndinngal ko ina wona 17 sosiyatee, tawi ina jeyaa heen sosiyateeji ɗi keew-ɗen nande

e huutoraade kaɓirɗe mum en, ko wayi no Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Fujitsu et Sharp …

Ɗowata golle ɗee noon Nokku weeyo Japon (Agence spatiale japonaise (Jaxa)) gonɗo e ngoon wiɗto gila e kitaale 1970.

Hol no miijo ngo siyirta ? Miijo ngo ko werlaade satelit haa yettoo e nokku deŋal*, nokku mo tooweeki mum tolnii e 36 000 kiloomeeteer. Oon satelit ina nawori panooji naange (panneaux photovoltaïques) potɗi waɗtude semmbe naange (cereeli naange) yiite. Oon semmbe yiite waɗtee laseer walla mikroo-onnduuji, ngam neldeede leydi men. Ɗoo noon heɓɓotoo ɗiin cereeli laseer ko antenaaji parabol moolanaaɗi to bannge mawnugol hade mum en waɗteede kadi yiite mo mbaaweten huutoraade.

Wiɗtooɓe ɓe mbiyi «ɓayri ko semmbe ceniiɗo mo ɓeeɓataa, a min miijii maa ɗum wallu en ñawndude caɗeele ŋakkeende semmbe kam ɓeydagol nguleeki leydi men ndi ngol kuutoragol won ɗiin gaasuuji saabotoo ». Ɓe ciftini wonde «annoore naange gasataa e weeyo». Ina woodi. Sibu keeweendi semmbe e oon nokku mo cifi-ɗen, ina sowoo laabi jeetati haa sappo semmbe naange jettotooɗo leydi men ndi, nde tawnoo toon, alaa ko faddotoo ɗi, wonaa weeyo, wonaa duule. Yanti heen, toon alaa jamma, alaa biiruuji (waylo sahaa, ko wayi no ndunngu walla ceeɗu ekn ..). Ɗum noon, semmbe o ɓeeɓataa.

Hade satelit oo neldeede weeyo ɗo e hitaande 2030, won golle goɗɗe poti tawo waɗeede. Isin naange potɗo werleede dow o, maa yeñtin fotde miliyaar watt (ko ina huɓɓa fotde 17 miliyoŋ ampul), tawi njaru mum ko hedde 23 UM wonande kala kiloowatt-waktu (kilowattheure) ; coodgu kiloowatt-waktu jooni ina sowoo ɗum laabi jeegom.

E miijo Jean-Jacques Favier, karallo to Nokku Ngenndiijo ko fayti e Wiɗtooji weeyo to leydi Farayse « ɗum alaa caɗeele to bannge karallaagal, kono tan ina ɗaɓɓi ngalu keewngu sibu ko maa tonuuji keewɗi kaɓirɗe neldee nder weeyo. Yanti heen neldirgol semmbe o cereeli laseer walla mikroo-onduuji ina waɗi geɗe ɗe kuɓindaaka tawo, yanti heen ina waɗi gagga kisal yimɓe e sato ».

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Ƴoogirde : lefigaro.fr

Jooni ɗemɗe natta wonde heɗɗaawo hakkunde yimɓe

Masiŋel firo Google

Miijo-ɗaa tan ɗo pullo ummiiɗo ladde jooni jooni, mo alaa ɗemngal nanata so wonaa Pulaar, fotta e Sinwaa mo meeɗaa yiyde pullo e gite mum, meeɗaa nande Pulaar, ɓe potta, ɓe ngona e yeewtidde, tawa alaa fof nantinoowo ɓilii hakkunde maɓɓe !!! Ɗumɗoo, ina gasa tawa kala kaalanaaɗo ɗum, wiyata ko huunde nde aamnotaako !!!

Waawaa wonde ! Kono noon, so en tuugiima e ɗo gannde njahrata hannde ɗo, haa arti noon ko anndiraa Karallaagal kesal kumpital, eɗen mbaawi wiyde ɗum nattii woɗɗude.

Waɗi en wiyde noon, ko won dariiɓe e waɗtude ɗumɗoo goonga : Sosiyetee biyeteeɗo Google kam e sosiyetee biyeteeɗo Samsung ko heen ngoni : tafde masiŋel firo, tawi ko cinndotoongel (tokosel, ngel neɗɗo waawi waɗde e poos, no telefoŋ cinndel nii). Hol no ngel gollortoo ? So a fottii e neɗɗo mo a nanondirtaa, udditaa ngel, cuɓo-ɗaa ɗemɗe ɗiɗi kaalaton ɗe. So o haalii, masingel maa firan maa ɗum, njanngaa, walla keɗo-ɗaa. Aane so a haalii ko noon.

Kaɓirgel Samasung woni e feewnude ngel, waɗi ko ekraa(écran) mo faddotaako caafe annoore (jaynotooɗo : translucide). Ngel ɓilotoo ko hakkunde haaldooɓe ɓe ; heen kaalɗo kala, ngel fira ɗum e ɗemngal goɗɗo o. Ɗum woni, Sinuwaa e Pullo maa mbaaw yeewtidde ko aldaa e caɗeele.

Google noon woni ko e tafde kaɓirgel “kaalowel”, ngel inniri “Conversation Note”. Yimɓe ɗiɗo ɓe njiydaa ɗemɗe ina mbaawi yeewtidde, gooto kala ina heɗoo ko goɗɗo o haalata e ɗemngal mum. So yimɓe ɗiɗo ɓe njiidaa ɗemɗe pottii, kala heen kaalɗo, ngel haalta ɗum e ɗemngal goɗɗo o. Hannde eɗen nganndi, e nder geese (web), ɗemngal nattii wonde heɗɗaawo hakkunde yimɓe: kuutorɗe firo (topirɗe firo) ina mbayi no buubi nii heewde. Eɗen mbaawi ƴettude yeru kuutorgal Google biyeteengal “Firo Google” (yah ɗo http://translate.google.com). Ɗumɗoon noon tuugii ko e golle ɗe yimɓe leñol kala ngollotoo, ngam naatnude ɗemngal mum en e lowre Google nde. Kala ɗemngal pirangal, firo mum ina waawi “jokkondireede” e ɗemɗe goɗɗe piraaɗe e lowre he : woni, so en pirii helmere Farayse e Pulaar, firo ndeen helmere e Pulaar maa heɓo e denndaangal ɗemɗe piraaɗe e nder lowre he : ɗum woni firo mayre e Engele, maa Arab ekn … maa heɓo.

E lewru noowammbar 2009, en kollitiino e ndeeɗoo lowre ko fayti e firo Pulaar e nder Google (yah ɗo : http://pulaar.org/content/o%C9%97-nji%C9%97i-google-wona-e-pulaar-fof-fa...), wonde “so en njiɗii Pulaar wona e Google, fof fawii ko e men!” Hannde e ooɗoo ñalawma, ina yurminii, sibu ina famɗi nootiiɗo e ngoon noddaango. So en ndaɗaama janngo, ngoyren koye men, sibu, ƴellitaare leñol alaa ɗo fawii so wonaa e coftal ɓiɓɓe mum. Enen fulɓe noon, haala ina heewi, kono golle ina pamɗi. Ko goonga haala kaa ina moƴƴi, ina yomnoo laawol, kono dey hoto won haala ɓola tan : haala kala, yo a taw ɗowata ko gollal jiytiniingal, so wonaa ɗuum, ko lemseende wiyetee.

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Juutde balɗe ko e tiiɗe fesaa

Teemodinɗo

Jaaynde wiyeteende Maxisciences yaltinii winndannde facciroore sabaabu gaddanoowo won e yimɓe juutde balɗe. E wiyde Porfesoor Nir Barzilai, gardiiɗo Duɗal naywugol to janngirde Albert Einstein College of Medicine mo New York, ɗum fawii ko e tagoodi yimɓe.

Ko huunde «winndaande» sibu woni ko e ADN joomum en, fawaaki e senaare nguurndam. O tuugii ko e jarribo o waɗi e dow 500 nayeejo, yahrooɓe hakkunde duuɓi 95 e 112.

O wiyi: «ɓeeɗoo yimɓe njaawinii, aɓe neyɓi, ɓalli maɓɓe ina mbaɗi kolesterol haa heewi».

Ko ina 30% e ɓeen yimɓe ko jom ɓalli en, tee njaawinii haa keɓi duuɓi 95.

E wiyde porfesoor o, jogaade nguurndam ceniɗam ina walla yoga e yimɓe ɓeydude balɗe mum en duuɓi seeɗa, kono batte mum ina kakindii. Jiytugol jeenuuji (jeen ko won koon ngeɗon ngonkon e ɓalndu kullon e puɗi) maa addan annduɓe waawde feewnude safaruuji ñemtinooji ngeɗon caabotookon teemodingol kon. Ɗeen leɗɗe ɓeydat kolesterol «moƴƴo» o e ɓalndu neɗɗo mbele ina haɗa ñabbuuli bayɗi no taƴam-ɓeram en, walla aksidaaji ɗaɗngaanndiiji (AVC) e haɗde jabet (ñawu suukara).

Maa safaara o fuɗɗo jarribeede ɗo e hitaande 2012; o waɗtata yeeyeede ko ɗo e duuɓi joy haa sappo. O wiyi, kanko porfesoor o «yimɓe puɗɗotoo ƴettude lekki ki ko tuggude duuɓi 40, balɗe maɓɓe njokkoo».

BAB

Kabaaru belɗo wonande ɗemɗe men

Ŋaro deftere haaloore ko fayti e Unicode

Maande Inikod – Unicode - (maandingol winndereyankeewol) nana ɓurtoo denndaangal maaɗe kuutorteeɗe ɗee kala so ndenndii, huutoreede e internet. Ɗum ɗoon noon yo won to bannge peerorɗe, yo won to bannge kuutorɗe bayɗe no Word walla excel ekn… So o ɗon teskii hade alkule Unicode arde, winndude Pulaar e Internet ina hittunoo. Kono gila ɗe mbaɗti huutoreede, eɗen njejjita nii caɗeele ina ngoodnoo.

Hono no paamraten, kelle internet ina mbaawi huutoraade maaɗe keewɗe, kono yoga e majje ko ɗemɗe seeɗa tan mbawi feeñninde, tawi noon Unicode ina waawi hollitde (nawde) ujunnaaje ujunnaaje ɗemngal, tuggi arab, ƴaaŋan maa sinuwaa.

Nii woni caɗeele ɗemɗe men cafroraa heen. Google kañum, tonngata denndaangal geɗe mum ko e Unicode. Hay so o hawrii e maaɗe goɗɗe, o waylat ɗum o waɗta e Unicode. E nder Unicode akulal kala jogii ko maandorde wootere nde heerorii, e nder ndaɗɗudi (windows, Mac OS, Linuƴ ekn ..) baawndi wonde kala walla e topirde waawnde wonde kala.

Ko faamde ɗum addani yoga e feewnooɓe kuutorɗe internet (peerorɗe walla logisielaaji goɗɗi) huutoraade Unicode mbele ɗemɗe winndere ndee kala (alkule kuutorteeɗe e winndere ndee kala) ina mbaawa feeñde heen. Ko ɗum addani haralleeɓe Internet e gollotooɓe e ƴellitgol ɗem ɗe men jaggirde oo kabaaru, no kabaaru belɗo, belɗo, no feewi.

O ɗon mbaawi yahde ɗo ngam ɓeydaade ƴellitaade heen.

http://hapax.qc.ca/Unicode-quasi-majoritaire.html

Ko Amerik yerɓini leydi to Hayiti ?

Antenaaji HAARP

Aduna oo fof seediima no Ameriknootorii e yerɓannde leydi to Hayiti e doole ardi toon : ko ina wona 10 000 soldaat e laana nikleyeer (navire nucléaire). Ko idii oo musiiba heewɓe nganndaano Hayiti, walla nanatno ɗum tan, sibu ina famɗi ngoƴanooɗo koyahata toon. Won wiyooɓe wonde wonaa Alla ɓolo leyɗe hirnaange ngardi toon, wonaa yiɗde wallude mehre. Won wiyooɓe ko njurum nawi ɓe toon.

Yimɓe ina nganndi tan, jotondiral hakkunde Amerik e Wenusuela (Vénuzuela) welaani, gila Kolommbi jaɓi jaɓɓaade konu Amerik e leydi mum. E darorɗe lewru saawiyee, Wenusuelaa hebbiima, e cili ɗiɗi, ndiwoowa konu Amerik e weeyo mum. Hugo Sawes seeraani e takkude Amerik yiɗde wuddinde nokku o. Amerik noon, wiyi woni ko e haɓde e waɗooɓe tarafik dorog kam e geriyaa mo Wenusuelaa wammbi walla nii ɗuhi.

Ko waawi heen wonde fof, hannde, haala ina heewi heen, haa arti noon e internet : aɗa tawa heen wiyooɓe wonde ko Amerik dillini leydi Hayiti, ko kam yerɓinnoo leydi to Siin (Chichuan), to Japon, ko kam kadi duppitnoo wuubiluuru to Farayse e hitaande 1999.

Ko waawnoo heen wonde fof, Wenusuelaa e Boliwi e Nikaraguwaa ɗaɓɓii batu Goomu Kisal Fedde Ngenndiije, ngam sunnaade batte «corkagol» konu Amerik e nder leydiHayiti. Wonande Hugo Sawes, sikke alaa heen, ko Amerik yerɓini leydi to Hayiti. E wiyde makko ko «weforgo konu Riis Rewo» habri ɗuum ; wonde konu Amerikwonnoo ko e jarribaade kaɓirgal kesal gila 1990, ganndiraangal HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Project) ngam «bonnirde Iraan njerɓannde leydi».

Ina wiyee wonde tele biyeteeɗo ViveTV yaltinii haala makko ɗo o wiyata «yontere ɓennunde nde, jarribo konu Amerik saabiima yerɓannde leydi tolniinde e 6,5 e daawrugal Richter, to wuro Eureka, to Kaliforni, kono alaa ko bonni toon», kono tan, hono ngoon jarribo waɗaango e geec Karaybe «saabiima warngo 140 000 fittaandu». O wiyi wonde «ɗum addanii Amerik dañde kadi hujja no naatiri e leydi Hayiti, neldi toon 10 000 soldaat … ». Daliilu goɗɗo mo o rokki ko wiyde wonde Amerik ina anndunoo ɗo bonannde nde jogori tolnaade,ko ɗum tagi ɓe nawde toon seneraal Kiin (Keen) gardiiɗo konu geec worgo (SouthCom), saraaji duunde nde, mbele ina ardoo faabuyaaji keñoraaɗi caggal jarribo ngo.

Won wiynooɓe kadi ko hono ngoon jarribo kaɓirgal yerɓo leydi (arme sismique) saabinoo yerɓannde leydi to Siisuwan (Siin). Huunde e dalillaaji dokkanooɗi ko wiyde wonde «heewɓe ceediima e asamaan, hojomaaji seeɗa ko adii yerɓannde leydi ndi, baylagol goobu duule kaawningol e weeyo Sisuwan» : ina wiyee wonde waɗata noon koonndooji yiite-sulɗaande (ondes électromagnétiques) jahdooji e jarribo ngo. Ko ñalnde 12 mee 2008 leydi yerɓunoo toon.

Ina wiyee kadi wonde ngaal kaɓirgal ina waawi saabaade mbayliigaaji ngonka weeyo caabotooɗi ile mawɗe, sooñooji mawɗi walla mobbooji bonɗi. Ko yimɓe laaɓaa, kojotondiral ina woodi hakkunde yerɓo leydi e iyonosfeer (ionosphère) nokku weeyo gonɗo hakkunde 60 e 800 kiloomeeteer tooweeki, ɗo HAARP jarribtee ɗo.

HAARP

Eɓɓaande HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program) koeɓɓaande Dental Dowlaaji Amerik, eɓɓaande ganndal e koninkaagu. Nde toppitiiko njiylawu e nder nokku weeyo biyeteeɗo iyonosfeer (ionosphère). Nde yowitiiko e tuddunde weeyo (base aérienne) Kirtland. Difii nde to bannge ngalu ko Konu weeyo e konu diƴƴe, to bannge golle ganndal nde yowitii ko e duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Alaska. HAARP woni ko to Gakona, to Alaska. Njaru mum ko 30 miliyoŋ dolaar.

Koorka ina ɓeyda cellal ?

Annoore

Ɓaawo janngo, (woni ɗoo e duuɓi seeɗa) nguurndam haa cay ! Ɗum dey ɓuri wiyeede « aadee heddoraa ko duuɓi 100 fat ! ». Wuurde haa haaɓa, ɗum ne kadi ina jeyaa e golle annduɓe tuubakooɓe, dadiiɓe laŋ ngam faamde hol ko waɗi so neɗɗo heɓii duuɓi 80 walla 90 solɓitto, maaya.

Ɓe mbiyetee ko David Stipp, Aubrey de Grey (ooɗoo cakkitiiɗo jannginta ko to duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Cambridge, to Biritaniyaa). Seeɗa mi winnda « ko ɓee ƴoogtii ! ». Kono seese tan, keɗo-ɗen ko ɓe kaalata ko.

So goonga noon, aadee ɓooyii miijaade ko wayi noon, haɗde maayde, wuurde haa haaɓa … E teeminannde ɓennunde nde, won annduɓe taƴatnoo ko kette njogoram baaɗi, walla njalnoroo ɗum cereeli cewɗi bayɗi no caafe x.

Wiɗtooji maɓɓe ɗi, ɓe mbaɗata ɗum en ko e kullon, nde tawnoo tagooje Alla ina ceerti njuuteendi ko nguurata : won e buubi nguurata ko jonte seeɗa tan, tawi noon won koon kullon diƴƴe ina nguura fotde duuɓi 400 !!! Doombi ndokkaa kam en ko nduuɓon seeɗa … Tagoore, so alaa ko telɓini ɗum, hade mum maayde, wonata ko e naywude, haa nde hawri e lajal fof. So wonaa gasboombal, ngal naywataa, gonngal e asde ko gasataa, haa jaɗɗa tawa alaa fof ko waylii e ɓalndu mum !!! Ko kanngal nanngi annduɓe kaawis : hol ko waɗi ngal naywataa ? So yimɓe ndañno hay so ɗuum, maa coftu no feewi, ngontaa tampu fompaade keremaaji walla waɗde ñuulal …

Ko goonga noon nguurndam aadee ina seerti e nguurndam kullon. Ganndo gooto waɗiino wiɗto duuɓi nay : o teskiima so o ustii ñaamdu doombi, haa ɗi ɗeɓii heyɗude, (ɗum firti o haarnataa ɗi) cellal majji ina ɓeydoo, balɗe majji kadi ina njokkoo.

Duuɓi keewɗi Clive McCay yeeɓinooma njeñtudi wiɗto oo ganndo. Kono o artii heen e duuɓi cakkitiiɗi ɗi. Ina teskaa, walla ina anndaa, ustugol ñaamɗe ina wallita ɓalndu won ɗeen tagooje dartaade won ɗiin ñawbuuli, ko wayi no kaaseer, walla ñawbuuli paddorɗe, haa arti noon wonande baaɗi. O miijii kanko Clive McCay, ma a taw ko ɗum addani yimɓe hoɗɓe e duunde wiyeteende Okinawa (to Japon) heewde juutde balɗe. Miijo makko addi wonde ma a taw saabii ɗuum ko ñaamdu maɓɓe tuugii ko e sewo sewo e liɗɗi.

Ɓayri aybuɓe ina keewi, ɓe hay gooto waawaa haɗde ɗum en hebbinde deedi mum en, annduɓe ɓe miijii wonde wiyde ina haɗa yimɓe (jogiiɓe ko ñaami haa ɓurti) ñaamde haa kaara, ko huunde saɗtude, sibu ko wayi no jalluɓe e kankanɓe e Wele en, njaɓataa ndee feere haangaande, ɓe tampintaa heen nii koye maɓɓe, joofataa ! Ko ɗum addani annduɓe huccitde e safaara guurnoowo (itta heege) tawa kadi ina ñikla heege neɗɗo. Ɗum firti ko ɓalndu maa soklaani nguura, kono aɗa heyɗi.

Hey, ɗaccee hoɓɓe kirnda ! Sababuuji nayeewu nganndaaka tawo, ko taawilaaji tan ngoodi. Kono tan, ina hawraa, tee De Grey ko ɗuum miijii, wonde sabaabu gorworo naywugol walla solɓito nguurndam, ko ko annduɓe mbiyata « musiiba jinnde » ɗum woni joowondiral tuundi e nder ɓalndu. Ko ndiin tuundi « ɓiɗtata nguurndam terɗe haa ndonka foofde », rewata heen ko maayde … Ɓe miijii ɗum noon ko feewnude geɗe caaynooje tuundi e nder ɓalndu, no saabunnde laaɓɓinirta ɓalnu nii, walla comcol nii, walla kaakol nii …. Ɗum fof noon ko taawiyaaji tan tawo !!!

Ko ɗii miijooji dey ngaddi ko wiyetee « pilule de Jouvence », foɗɗere lollirnde ɓeydude nguurndam, nde annduɓe mbiɗtata geɗe mum hannde. So tawii tinde heege ina ɓeyda balɗe, onon hoorooɓe nduuɗoo lewru teddundu, ɗum na foti ɓeydande on coftal !!! So tawii won wiyatnooɓe « maayooru warataa kam » enen kam eɗen mbaawi wiyde « maayooru maa ɓeydu balɗe am ».

Yo Alla rokku en joofnude koorka men e jam e cellal. Aamiin. Ɗaccon hakke banndiraaɓe

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Leydi laawiima kadi, to Sili

Natal kuɓeeje kelɗe (RFI)

Yerɓannde leydi doolnunde waɗii to Silii ñalnde aset 27 feebariyee 2010. Nde tolniima e toɓɓe 8,8 e daawrugal Richter. Ɗum waɗi ko weetndoongo. Nehaande yerɓannde nde woni ko e nder geec Pasifik, fotde 35 km luggeendi, 325 km ina seerndi ɗum e laamorgo leydi ndi, hono Sañcaago. Biyeteeɗo Antoine Schupp, tuubaako Farayse ganndo ko fayti e ɗuum wiyi wonde ndeeɗoo yerɓannde leydi ina sowoo

yerɓannde leydi waɗnoonde ko ɓooyaani to Hayiti, laabi 30 ko famɗi fof to bannge keewgol semmbe.

Fotde 76 jerɓannde tokoose njaabtiima yerɓannde mawnde nde, heen wootere, tolniinde e 6,1 tinaama haa Arsantiin. To Sañcaago, njuuteendi yerɓo ngo wonii hojom e feccere.

Nokku jeerto gonko to Pasifik, jeertinii wonde wempeƴƴo mawngo (tsunami) ina jogori ummaade, fotngo yettaade Ekuwatoor, Kolommbi, Panamaa, Kostaa Rikaa, e saraaji wudduleydi worgo. Ina waawi nii ngo yettoyoo hirnaange Dental Amerik e Kanadaa.

Yerɓannde leydi ɓurnde doolnude e winndere nde waɗnoo kadi ko e ndii leydi (Sili) e hitaande 1960. Ndeen ɗoon tolninooma e toɓɓe 9,5 e daawrugal Richter. Ko fotde 1 655 neɗɗo maaynoo heen.

E ooɗoo ñalawma gooto, yerɓannde woɗnde, tolniinde e 7,3 waɗii to nder Pasifik, tolnde Japon, kilooji 84 ina ceerndi ɗum e wuro wiyeteengo Naha, wonngo e duunde Okinawa.

Sili

Ndenndaandi Sili (República de Chile e ɗemngal Españool) ko leydi ngonndi to Amerik worgo, keedondirndi e Peru (bannge rewo) e Boliwi (bannge Fuɗnaange rewo) e Arsantiin (bannge fuɗnaange). Sili ina wiya ko kam jeyi hettere leydi mawnde to Antarktik. Duunde ina Pâques, ina woni nder geec Pasifik, jeyaa ko eSili gila hitaande 1888. Laamorgo leydi ndi wiyetee ko Sañcaago. Ɗemngal ɓurngal heeleede toon ko Españool. Kaalis mayri wiyetee ko peso (pesooji 1,87 yerondirta e ugiyya gooto).

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Jerɓanɗe leydi ɓurɗe doolnude e winndere nde

22 mee 1960, to Sili. Nde tolniima e toɓɓe 9,5. Nde waɗii maayɓe 1 715. Tsunami rewi heen.

27 mars 1964 to Alaska, tolniinde e 9,2 toɓɓere. Tsunami rewi heen. Nde warii 128 neɗɗo.

26 desammbar 2004, leydi yerɓii nder geec Sumatara, ummini wempeƴere mawnde (tsunami), warnde ko ina wona 226 000 neɗɗo e nder 12 leyɗe takkiiɗe geec inndo. Doole mayre ko toɓɓe 9.

13 ut 1868, yerɓannde leydi waɗnoonde to Arika (wonnoo ndeen ko e Peru, hannde ko eSili jeyaa) saabiima tsunaamiiji jooɓiiɗi ko ina wona 25 000 fittaandu to Amerik worgo. Doole mayre ko toɓɓe 9.

26 saawiyee 1700, leydi yerɓii hirnaange Kaliforni, Wasinton, Kolommbi Biritaan (Kanadaa hannde o), ummini tsunami jettoyiiɗo haa Japon. Doole mayre ko toɓɓe 9.

4 noowammbar 1952, yerɓannde leydi tolniinde e toɓɓe 9 waɗii to Kamchatka (Riisi) : woodii ko nde bonni, kono alaa maayɗo heen. Nde ummini wemmpeƴere nde tooweendi mum tolnii e meeteruuji 9, to Hawai.

31 saawiyee 1906 yerɓo leydi tolniingo e 8,8 waɗii to Ekaatoor e to Kolommbi ; nde ummini tsunami. 500 neɗɗo maayii heen.

Ñalnde 27 feebariyee 2010, yerɓannde leydi to Sili. Doole mayre ko 8,8. Capanɗe neɗɗo maayii heen.

Ñalnde 1 noowammbar 1755, yerɓannde leydi tolniinde e toɓɓe 8,7 wondunde e tsunami boomi Lisboon, sibu fotde 60 000 maayɗo limaama toon.

Ñalnde 8 sulyee 1730, yerɓo leydi tolniingo e 8,7 yanii e wuro ina wiyee Valparaiso (Silikadi), wari fotde 3 000 neɗɗo.

15 ut 1950, ko to Tibet leydi yerɓunoo, wari fotde 780 neɗɗo. Doole yerɓo ngo ko 8,6.

16 desammbar 1920 yerɓannde leydi (toɓɓe 8,6) waɗii to Tansu (Siin). Nde waɗii 100 000 maayɗo.

16 ut 1906, leydi yerɓii (toɓɓe 8,6) to Valparaiso (Sili). Waɗii 20 000 maayɗo.

15 suwee 1896, wonnoo ko Sanriku (Japon), wondude e tsunami jooɓiiɗo fotde 22 000 neɗɗo. Doole yerɓo ngo ko 8,5.

11 noowammbar 1922, leydi yerɓii e keerol Arsantiin-Sili. Teemedde maayɗo. (8,5 toɓɓere).

7 noowammbar 1837 ko Valparaiso (Sili) kadi wonnoo. Ina ardi e tsunami. 58 neɗɗo maayii heen to Hawai. Doole yerɓo ngo ko 8,5 toɓɓere wonnoo.

20 oktoobar 1687, yerɓo leydi ngo doole mum tolnii e 8,5 toɓɓere bonnii ko ɓuri heewde e wuro wiyeteengo Limaa to Peru.

Ƴoogirde AP / Fulo : Bookara Aamadu Bah

Leydi, lewru e naange “pinii”

Lewru, puɗal haa mutal

Ɗii duuɓi jawtuɗi winndere ndee kala ina faayani ngonka Leydi men ndii. Ɗum saabiima batuuji winndere e tuugnorɗe e nanondire hakkunde leyɗe : ɗuum woni ko anndiraa ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo ngol biimtagol cuurkiiji gaas karbonik kam e bonnugol dunli ekn caabii. Yimɓe njeertinaama ko ɓooyi, ɗee geɗe ina mbaawi saabaade « kawjugol ngonka weeyo », woni yimɓe mbaɗta yiyde toɓooli ɓurtuɗi e nokkuuji olnooɗi, walla yooro e nokkuuji leppunooɗi …

So ɗum araani ne, won ko puɗɗi-ɗen yiyde heen : cumuuli to leydi Riisi, toɓooli ɓurtuɗi to Afganistaan, to Siin, e nder Afrik hirnaange ekn … ɗum fof ko maale paaynuɗe. Ɗumɗoo ko wonande Leydi ndi nguur-ɗen e dow mum ndi. Kono wonaa kayri tan tini mbayliigaaji, lewru e naange ndaɗaani heen.

Naange men ina teskoraa coftal ɓurtungal e ooɗoo sahaa. Annduɓe ɓe mbiyi ɗum wonaa maale moƴƴe. Lonngotooɓe asamaan ɓee nii ceediima e balɗe jawtuɗe ɗe, goobuuji e timtimi jooɗɗi e nder kammu, haa arti noon ko anndiraa « peeral gulli leydi » (aurores boréales). Ɗumɗoon noon ina seedtoo wonde naange men nge naatii coftal caggal mudda « ɗoyngol ». Alet ɓennuɗo o nge wukkitii e faru tonuuji keewɗi plasma (woni «gabbe doondiiɗe» (atomes ionisés), jaaɓanɗe leydi men ndi. Ina wayi no ko puccital naange nii. Ɗeeɗoo gabbe naange, so pottitii e fooɗo sulɗeewo leydi ina waawi saabaade mbayliigaaji teeŋtuɗe joggiiɗi batte e geese yiite (réseaux électriques) walla onndooji hertz (woni emisiyoqaaji teleeji kam e kaɓirɗe elektoronik gonɗe e diwooje). Eɗum waawi battinde e heɗɗaawo sulɗoweeyo (magnétosphère) ngo, jojjungo wonande nguurndam e leydi, nde tawnoo ko kanngo falantoo en heenebere naange (vent solaire).

Coftal naange ko huunde anndaande, waawnde jooɗtoreede, sibu ende arta duuɓi joy e feccere kala, tee njuuteendi mayre ina wona hedde duuɓi 11. E oon sahaa e nde wukkita e kammu he ngabbon keewkon, tawi won heen ngabbon ɓuri leydi mawnude. Nge wayri ndeen softeende ko e hitaande 2001, caggal ɗum nge naatani ɗoyngol luggol, juutngol haa diwti aadaa. Jooni, annduɓe ɓe ina njenanaa ko nge finnge.

Lewru ina ɗoomtira seeɗa seeɗa

Nate ɗe laanel wiɗto (sonde) ameriknaawel gootel ƴetti, caktaaɗe ñalnde 19 ut 2010, ina kollita ɗoomtugol lewru. Ɗumɗoon noon ko ko wayli sikkeeji annduɓe kala jowitiiɗi e lewru. Hol ko nate ɗe kolliti ? Ɗe kolliti ko lewru men nduu ɗoomtii fotde 100 meeteer e nder « hanki ɓadiiɗo » woni e nder duuɓi miliyaar cakkitiiɗi ɗi !!!

Ko ɓuri ɓallaade en, nate ɗe ina kollita kadi jaajtugol peri (gebbi) e dow laral lewru e nder duuɓi 40 cakkitiiɗi ɗi.

Ciftinen tan wonde lewru, e cukaagu mum, ko ina wona jooni miliyaaruuji nay hitaande, ina wulnoo. Gila ndeen ndu ɓuuɓtii. Ko jooni noon annduɓe ɓe paami wonde haa hannde ndu woni ko e ɓuuɓtude, ɗum woni ko saabii ɗoomtugol kaalangol ngol. Ko ɗum kadi faamnini ɓe yerɓooji lewru baɗooji sahaa e sahaa ɗi, ɗi ɓe cikkatnoo saabii ɗum en ko kaaƴe janooje e lewru … Ɗumɗoo noon anndinii ɓe wonde lewru wonaa tagofeere maaynde, hono no ɓe cikkirtunoo.

BAB

Mobbooji battamboniiji

Mobbooji ...

Wonaa ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo, wonaa majjugol ñaaki, wonaa «apofis», wonaa hay gootal e ɗee geɗe jogori saabaade darnga. Jogori saabaade darnga ko mobbooji pattamboniiji jogorɗi ardude e beñcitagol gulli ngesa sulɗeewa. Ko ɗum firti ? Oɗon nganndi sulɗaande, oɗon nganndi ina fooɗa,haa arti noon e njamndi. Tee sulɗaande ko gulli ɗiɗi waɗi. Eɗen mbaawi hoolkisaade ɗum : so a helii sulɗaande (walla a ƴettii culɗaane ɗiɗi), ina waɗi heen banngeeji ɗiɗi so kuccondiraama, pooɗondirat, ina waɗi heen banngeeji so kuccondiraama,

ndiiwtondirat, no dimle kuuraa mbaɗdata nii. Tagofeere men nde, hono Leydi, ina jogii ngesa sulɗeewa, woni nokku ɗo fooɗo mum sulɗeewo yettotoo. Gulli baan ngesa sulɗeewa ko rewo e worgo* ; woni wiyee wuddu sulɗeewo rewo e wuddu sulɗeewo worgo. Seede mum, ko ko wiyetee «busol» ko : aɗa anndi «busol» waɗi ko jamngel sulɗaande : so o deeƴii, lelngo jamngel ngel ko rewo-worgo* (yeru, hoore huccita rewo, laaci huccita worgo). Ko ɗum addani «busol» huutoreede ngam anndude to rewo heedti.

Ɗum noon, mbiy-ɗen so gulli ngesa sulɗeewa ba, mbeñcitiima, ɗum ina jibina mbayliigaaji weeyo kulɓiniiɗi, caabotooɗi musibbaaji bonɗi ko wayi no mobbooji kataa, yeru mobbooru wiyeteendu Yasi wuttunoondu e Ostaraali, ndu njaaweendi mum yettinoo 300km e waktu kala (300km/w). Kono, e wiyde jaaynde “Salem News”, nduun boom ko jam, sibu mobbooji garooji ɗi maa njetto 600km/w !!! Ɗiin noon, alaa ko ngoppata, mobbat kala ko potti, gila e leɗɗe, koɗorɗe, jawdi, … fof wonta karawal !!!

“Ɗiin mobbooji maa mboom ndema winndere ndee, heegeeji bonɗi loma yolnde, kono ma ɗi mbaylu kadi keeri tufɗe, ɗi mbooma gure e cahe mawɗe, ngoppa capanɗe miliyoŋaaji neɗɗo e boowal, ngalaa ɗo ɗuhii. Ma ɗi mboom won ɗiin renndooji e pine kam e leyɗe no ngoorunoo, leyɗe keddiiɗe ɗe ngona e haɓde”.

Kaaɗoo haala kulɓiniika wonaa daarol, ka tuugii ko e wiɗtooji ɓurɗi fof senaade. Ganndo danemarkenaajo ko fayti e Seofiisik (géophysique) biyeteeɗo Mads Faurschou Knudsen, wiɗtii geɗe ngesa sulɗeewa leydi no woorunoo e kitaale 5 000 jawtuɗe ɗe … O goongɗinii wonde caafe jiryiirɗe kammu ina njogii batte e ngonka weeyo. Ndaa noon, ina jeyaa e nafooje ngesa sulɗeewa leydi seɗde ɗeen caafe doondiiɗe semmbe mawɗo.

Kono annduɓe Faraysenaaɓe e Kanadaanaaɓe ndallinii wonde ngesa sulɗeewa leydi woni ko e ustaade no feewi : e nder duuɓi capanɗe joy, semmbe makka ustiima fotde 10%. So ɗum jokkii dartaaki (tee dartotaako), ɗum yuumtata ko e beñcitagol gulli sulɗeeji leydi, e wiyde Gauthier Hulot, ganndo gonɗo to Institut Globe de Paris.

“Wonaa ngesa sulɗeewa ɓodata feewde worgo, ngo worgo ngo ɓoda fayde rewo, alaa, ko doole ngesa sulɗeewa ba ustotoo. Ko gulli rewo e worgo sulɗaande keewɗi peeñata, ngona e yirlaade haa wuddu rewo heedta worgo, ndu worgo ndu heedta rewo”.

Won wiɗto waɗaango e hitaande 2009 hollitngo wonde wuddu rewo ndu fuɗɗiima dirtude ummaade rewo Kanadaa feewde Riisi fotde 65km hitaande kala.

Kono hoto paayee, ngool beñcitagol gulli sulɗaande ina ɗaɓɓi ujunnaaji ujunnaaji hitaande. E ngaal daawal noon, ngesa sulɗeewa leydi ma waɗtu siyde, woppa caafe kammu e kaanabbe naange ɓenna, huunde hulaande ina waawi addude ñawbuuli walla cumam (irradiations) ɓalli. Baylagol tiindo ngesa sulɗeewa leydi ina waawi kadi jogaade batte goɗɗe, ko wayi no wemjinde ndiwri eggoori ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ko ngoon fooɗo ɗowata ɗum en e ɗanle mum en juutɗe ɗe.

Ƴoogirde : Slate.fr / Fulo : BAB

Kelmeendi

Ngesa sulɗeewa :            champ magnétique

Wuddu sulɗeewu :           pôle magnétique

Caafe jiryiirɗe : rayons galactiques

Kaanabbe naange :          vents solaires

Ɓetal : dimension

Ɓete tati :           3D (ɓetal tekkeendi)

Moƴƴude hakkille : waawde siftorde, famɗude ko yejjitta …

Welde hakkille : yaawde faamde e yaawde nanngude e hakkille

Ndokkee en miijooji mon e ndii kelmeendi

Naange ko ko murliɗi

Banngeeji ɗiɗi naange ndenndinaa ɗoo

Jaalɗii, naange ko ko murliɗi : Eɗen njiya e ngalɗoo natal ngal NASA ƴetti ñalnde 2 feebariyee 2011, pecce ɗiɗi : ko pecce ɗiɗi laakon wiɗto STEREO ƴetti kon ndenndinaa ɗo : heen gootel kala foti tan ko bannge yiyata o ; ko ɗiin banngeeji ɗiɗi noon ndenndinaa ɗoo, ndokki en natal naange timmungal.

Hankadi siirii, naange ko ko murliɗi. Ɗum woni ko NASA habri e lowre mum internet, holliti nate naange e ɓetooji mum tati ɗii kala (yiyngo tekkeendi, walla mbiyen yiyngo nder weeyo), gila e dow mum haa e weeyo mum.

E lewru abriil 2007, satelitaaji neldiino nate gadane e yiyngo ɓete tati (3D so teelii mbiyen «ɓetal»). Nate kese ɗe ummorii ko e laakon wiɗto ɗiɗon mbiyeteekon STEREO (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory spacecraft) kon alaa ko toppitii so wonaa fotde naange. Laakon punewon, mberlakon e hitaande 2006, taarotookon naange. Nder weeyo he, kon ƴetti ko laawol tagofeere men nde, hono Leydi, heen gootel ardii Leydi, ngela rewi caggal mum. Ɗo kon taarotoo naange ɗo, kon kuccondir ter (lobbudu hakkunde makkon ko 180 degere), ɗum firti ko kankon e naange ngondi e dow diidol gootol, tawi naange ina ɓilii hakkunde ɗo.

Nii woni alaa toɓɓere wonnde e naange nde lonngorɗe makkon njiyataa. So kon ƴettii gootel heen natal e nder sahaa gooto, kon nelda ɗum to gollorɗe annduɓe wonɓe e leydi ɓe, ordinateeruuji ndenndina nate ɗiɗi ɗe, njaltina yiyngo naange timmungo (naange etimmal mum). Wonande NASA, «yiyde naange e timmal mum maa addan en waawde anndude puttugol e ummagol keneeli naange kam e batte mum en e dow Leydi, kam e juɓɓingol ɗanle koɗaaɗe e ɗe koɗaaka nder weeyo yuɓɓo naange».

Kaanabbe naange ina mboni e ɗannotooɓe nder weeyo. Laakon wiɗto ɗiɗon kon ina mbaawi sunnaade iwdi e batte ɗee puccitte ñiso kuurhuurngal hono geɗe (plasmaa) mo naange nge werlotoo e nder weeyo caggal puccitte. Ɗeen puccitte ina kaljina jokkondire hakkunde laaɗe diwooje walla satelitaaji walla dokkitgol yiite tee ina njogii batte bonɗe e yahooɓe nder weeyo.

Annduɓe Oropnaaɓe e Ameriknaaɓe ndewindiima ndu haa ndu yettii leydi. E nder ngooɗoo foto, laakon ɗiɗon kon mbaɗdi e naange e leydi ko lobbudu seɓndu 45 degere seeɗa.

Laakon Stereo ina portili naange, tawi wuubiliiru ina ummii.

BAB

Kelmeendi

Ngesa sulɗeewa :            champ magnétique

Wuddu sulɗeewu :           pôle magnétique

Caafe jiryiirɗe : rayons galactiques

Kaanabbe naange :          vents solaires

Ɓetal : dimension

Ɓete tati :           3D (ɓetal tekkeendi)

Moƴƴude hakkille : waawde siftorde, famɗude ko yejjitta …

Welde hakkille : yaawde faamde e yaawde nanngude e hakkille

Ndokkee en miijooji mon e ndii kelmeendi

Ndiyam yiytaama dow lewru

Nokku cikkaaɗo ina waɗi ndiyam oo

Lewru yooraani ! Batte ndiyam keewɗe ina toon ! Hakke feccere liiteer ina waawi dañeede e wertallo fotngo e dingiral fuku bal, woni hedde miliyaaruuji 4 liiteer ndiyam e dow wertallo mayru fof ! Habri ɗum ko NASA, caggal ɗum bayyini e jaaynde siyaas wiyeteende Science. Njiylawu ndiyam dow lewru jeyaa ko e golle ɓurɗe teeŋtude wonande karalleeɓe tagopeeje e aasiñooruuji weeyo e weeyiyankooɓe kam e winndiyankooɓe ko wiyetee Science-Fiction.

Ndaw ko haani ! Sibu ɗo ndiyam alaa, nguurndam alaa. Yahde lewru, hoɗa toon, waɗde toon tuddule ngam yettaade tagopeeje goɗɗe nder yuɓɓo naange … ina ɗaɓɓi ko adii fof ñawndude gagga ndiyam o. Hol ko anndini en ndiyam na lewru ? Ɗuum ko haala juutka. Kono tan, laanon ɗiɗo wiɗto (sondes spatiales) ina njeyaa heen : laanel Inndo biyeteengel ‘Chandrayaan’, haa teeŋti noon kadi e laanel NASA Amerik biyeteengel Deen Impact, hay so tawii wonaa ɗuum ngel neldiranoo e yeewo. Kadi nde ngel « yiyi » ɗam wonaa ɗum ngel ƴeewatnoo …

Kelmeendi :

- NASA woni “National Aeronautics and Space Administration” woni Njuɓɓudi Ngenndiyankoori Aeronotik e Weeyo. NASA sosaa ko ñalnde 29 sulyee 1958 ngam wootiɗinde golle ceŋɗe konu Amerik e werlaade satelit haa waawa daɗtaade Riis en.

- Aeronotik (aéronautique) woni denndaangal gannde siyaas e karallaagal jowitiiɗe e diwngo nder weeyo kam e peewnugol laaɗe weeyo (aéronefs) ko wayi no abiyoŋ, Elikopteer, baloŋ ekn…

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Ngamri e neɗɗaagu

Beeli amooɓe

Ngamri e neɗɗaagu : so mi yiyii aɗa ama, mi annda neɗɗaagu maa

Wiɗtooɓe Finlanndenaaɓe njiytii jotondiral hakkunde ngamri e neɗɗaagu gamoowo o, e fawaade e dille ngamri mum. Njeñtudi wiɗto maɓɓe ngo ina haawnii sanne, sibu ɓe tuugotoo ko e beesaali gamoowo o, ngam anndude mbele neɗɗo ko teeyɗo, walla ko dafaaɗo hakkille ekn ….

Nii woni, ɓe mbiyi, «so tawii ngamri neɗɗo o ko njaawndi, taƴondirndi, tawa joom mum ina nawda juuɗe e koyɗe, tawata ko oon ina wondi e rafi hakkille biyeteeɗo «névrose» ; so tawii ngamri ndi ko curpitiindi, njahdundi e dille hoore e juuɗe, tawata joom mum ko neɗɗo udditiiɗo. So tawii noon o amrata ko seese, tawi kadi ko ngamri njuɓɓundi, ina hasii tawa ko o neɗɗo belɗo. So tawii e ngamri he, joomum suutat juuɗe ina tellina, tawata ko o neɗɗo udditiiɗo hakkille ; so tawii noon joomum amrata ko doole, ina diwa gaa, doƴƴoo too, tawata joomum ko neɗɗo kellifaaɗo». Ɓe ɓeydi heen wonde « ina anndanoo gaaci ina peeñnina ko woni e ɓernde neɗɗo ». Ɓe mbiyi kadi wonde amooɓe dartoriiɓe ngamri keewi wonde ko yimɓe «uddiiɓe» (woni yimɓe ɓe nganndu-ɗaa ko yiɗɓe koye mum en no feewi). Eywa gooto fof ina anndi no amrata, ɗum noon ina anndi neɗɗaagu mum to woni.

Ƴoogirde : Slate.fr

Nguurndam haa cay ?

Waadere ndiyam

Ko goonga wonande juulɓe, walla nii ko ɓuri heewde e diineeji, nguurndam ina woodi, kono huunde fof ina jogii ɗo haaɗi, ko ko maayata. Guurɗo fof ko maayoowo, hay so tawii maa yimɓe ummitoyo. Ko kaalaten ɗoo ko, ko taawilaaji annduɓe e geɗe ɗe miijotoo.

Eɓe miijoo, e yeru, mbele ɗoo e yeeso, e fawaade e ƴellitagol ganndal, nguurndam haa cay waawaa aamnaade ? Won ɗeen geɗe ɗe cikkittenooka hanki, mbaɗtii fooɗtude hakkillaaji annduɓe haa ko ina miijoo heen.

Won ganndo gooto biyeteeɗo Robert Lanza holliti wonde dalillaaji joy gorwori ina ngoodi gaddanooji neɗɗo miijtaade geɗe jotondirɗe e maayde. O fuɗɗii lelnude miijo makko ngo ko e hitaande 2007 : Ko faru tuugii e nguurndam, wonaa nguurndam tuugii e faru. Ko nii o yuɓɓiniri miijo makko :

1. Maayde woodaani e aduna mo alaa weeyo e sahaa. Einstein wiyiino, caggal saŋkaare sehil mum gooto ganndo ko fayti e fisik : “O idii kam yaltude ooɗoo aduna ko seeɗa. Hay dara ɗum firtaani. Yimɓe wayɓe no amen ina nganndi wonde ceerungal hakkunde haŋki e hannde e janngo ko sikke tan …”. So tawii ko goonga, hakkille aadee diwtii keeri sahaa e maayde.

2. Aadee kala sosanta hoore mum keeri ngoodndam, ko ɗum tagi raŋŋeere woodnoonde ɗo semmbe saayata. Neɗɗo kala yahdata ko e faandu mum weeyo e sahaa, no gonɗo e nder laalaagal mum nii.

3. So en keptinii goodaangal faruuji ceertuɗi, en keptintu goodaangal sifaaji limlimtinɗi jogiiɗi heen gooto kala goodal mum. Kala ko waawi kewde won ko kewata tee maayde woodataa e ɗii faruuji ceertuɗi.

4. Nguurndam neɗɗo ina jokka e nder jibinannde mum, e nder sehilaaɓe mum e nder denndaangal ɓe heɓnoo fottude nde wuuri nde.

5. Ciftorgol neɗɗo ko e sahaa gonaaɗo tan. Ngol majjataa.

Caggal ɗum kanko ganndo biyeteeɗo Cracked o, o yuurnitii peeje ganndal tati baawɗe yettinde en nguurndam haa cay (waasmaayde : immortalité). Ina wiyee wonde ko o miijii ko, wonaa huunde fuuynde, sibu ina anndaa peeje mooftirɗe ɓalndu e hakkille neɗɗo ko juuti caggal maayde ina ngoodi. Kono noon eɗen poti teskaade wonde hay so tawii ko jarribaa ko ina selli, binndanɗe pooɗteteeɗe heen ɗe ina ɓallii daari ganndal (science fiction).

1. Geɗel gootel dottowel njuutndam balɗe aadee ko ansiim (enzyme) biyeteeɗo telomerase. Annduɓe ngoni ko e ƴeewde hol no kebbinirta ɗiiɗoo ansiimaaji mbele ina mbaawoya leeltinde naywugol. Jarribooji baɗaaɗi e doombi ɗi ina kollita wonde kuɓindagol ɗee geɗe maa addanoy yimɓe waawde faddaade jeenuuji bonɗi ɗi.

2. Jokkondirde ngaandi neɗɗo e ordinateer

3. Feewnitde toɓɓe nguurndam e rewrude e kuutoragol karallaagal tokoñillal. Ngal tuugii ko e juumtugol golle ganndal gaddanɗe annduɓe wumtinde kullon mbiyeteekon Hamster (ko edda doombi). Ina ɗaminaa ma ngal waɗtu huutoreede ɗoo e duuɓi 20 paaɗi.

4. Koloongol aadee. Hay gooto suwaa tawo wiyde waɗii ɗum. So ɗum waɗtii waɗeede maa addan yimɓe ɓeydude balɗe mum e rewrude e lomtingol (kesɗitingol) terɗe duumtuɗe (bonɗe).

5. Feere wattannde ko gerefde (jokkude) piyesaaji tafaaɗi, ko wayi no ɓernde walla ɗaɗol tino, walla jofe ; ɗuum maa wallit ɓeydude balɗe aadee en.

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KELMEENDI

Cellule : Toɓɓere nguurndam

Enzyme : geɗe gonooje e ɓalndu jaawnooje won ɗiin mbayliigaaji

Gène : “Jeen” (geɗe doondiiɗe kabaruuji e nder toɓɓe nguurndam).

Nanotechnologie : Karallaagal walla ganndal toɗɗingal geɗe pamare ɗe ɓeto mum en tolnii e miliyaareɓal meeteer (1m/1 000 000 000)

Koloon’gol : njeña ka tuugaaki e jotondiral njogoram. Ko peewnugol (baañjitagol) toɓɓe nguurndam e rewrude e karallagal. Ɗuum so gasii yuumtata ko e tagooje nannduɗe e banngeeji kala. Ɗum waɗaama e jawdi e puɗi, kono hay gooto suwaa tawo (walla suusaa wiyde) waɗii ɗuum e aadee.

Oɗon njiɗi Google wona e Pulaar ! Fof fawii ko e mon !

Natal Google In Your Langage

Google newnanii en golle : Google rokkii en fartaŋŋe firde ɗum kam e hoyre mum e denndaangal ɗemɗe winndere nde e rewrude e tuugnorgal mum biyeteengal « Google in Your Language – GIYL – (Google e ɗemngal ma). Kala jiɗɗo wallitde fulde Google, maa sosa tawo konte mum google (yeru neɗɗo@gmail.com). So a yettiima e kelle firo ɗe, ko Google e hoore mum hollitu ma kelme walla konnguɗi potɗi fireede ɗi (ko ɗeɓi haaɓnaade heen seeɗa tan ko kelme ɗe ko e Engele, ɗum noon ko firo ummaade e Engele). Ɗum firti ko kankadi, woytoraandu alaa ! Kala mo ɗemngal mum alaa e Google, yo woyru leñol mum e ngaameela mum. Leƴƴi ɓurɗi softude fof keedata yeeso : ko ɗuum woodnoo gila ndeen, ko ɗuum woodi haa hannde. So tawii fulɓe ina njiɗi Google wona e Pulaar/Fulfulde tan, wonat jooni jooni, fawii tan ko e coftal maɓɓe e heɓaare maɓɓe e yarlitaare maɓɓe. Ɗum noon, banndiraaɓe, kala dañɗo hay so hojom, yo yah toon, fira hay so helmere wootere, seeɗa alaa ko barke woodi.

- So oɗon njiɗi ƴellitaade heen, njahee ɗo : http://www.google.fr/support/websearch/bin/answer.py?hl=fr&answer=17475

- E ooɗoo nokku oɗon mbaawi yiyde ɗo ɗemɗe keewɗe njahrata e firo mum en : Pulaar fuɗɗaaki tawo, ɗum noon ndado-ɗee ! http://www.google.com/transconsole/giyl/check/status

- Njahee to jakkaa firo Google : http://groups.google.com/group/google-e-pulaar

- Njahee ɗoo ngam jokkaade e firo ngoo : http://services.google.com/tcbin/tc.py

Google propose des pages pour sa traduction dans toutes les langues dans sa section "Google in Your Language - GIYL- (Google dans votre langue)". Pour y accéder, vous devez créer un compte google (si vous n'en avez pas déjà). A partir de là Google vous propose lui-même des termes à traduire (le seul handicap, ils sont en Anglais). Autant dire que la présence de Google dans une langue dépend maintenant de la disponibilité de ses locuteurs : on n'a pas besoin de demander à ce que Google soit en Pulaar, non ! Si nous le voulons, nous devons nous mettre au travail et le traduire directement nous-mêmes.

- Pour plus d'informations, allez à http://www.google.fr/support/websearch/bin/answer.py?hl=fr&answer=17475 (Utilisez un navigateur qui permet la traduction si vous n'êtes pas très forts en Anglais, par exemple "Internet Explorer 8").

- A ce lien vous trouverez l'état d'avancement des traductions dans différentes langues :

http://www.google.com/transconsole/giyl/check/status

Rendez-vous au forum de discussion sur la traduction de Google : http://groups.google.com/group/google-e-pulaar

Faites circulez l'info pour le maximum de personnes contribuent à la traduction de Google en Pulaar.

Merci

Paawngal ɓowɗi woni jontinooje

Ɓowngu

Mborosaaji paawngal ɓowɗi ko nay; holi kanji ?

Paawngal kiisngal “plasmodium falciparum”
Paawngal jontanɗe “plasmodium malariae”
Paawngal duumingal “plasmodium vivax”
Paawngal nayaɓiiwal “plasmodium ovale”

Paawngal kiisngal, ɓurngal bonde ngal

Ko ngal paawngal bonngal sibu angal wara. Peeñgol maggal ko e balɗe sappo e ɗiɗi. Mborosaaji paawngal ɓowɗi mbiltata ko e nder biige ƴiiƴam mboɗejam. Eɗi mbilta e nder kette heeñere. Ɗoo, joom mu mina waawi faawngude tawa fiɗaaka ɓowɗi ñawɗi. So paawngal ngal bontii ina adda ustam ƴiiƴam sabu ko ɓuri heewde e biige ƴiiƴam mboɗejam ɗam ko ko maayi, sabu pusat. Eɗi ngadda rafi poofnugol terɗe ɓalndu, adda e ngaanndi rafi henndu Pulaar wiyata ŋahe ngaanndi « ŋakko henndu ngaanndi ». Ina adda kadi paawngal ngaanndi (neuro-palu), joom mum huylitee waɗta haalde njanana, wulla, siñña, gergerta, won heen sahaaji wona e fettaade, wiyee wonde ko « naattaaɗo ». En mbiyiino to dow to wonde ɓowɗi ina mbaawi wiltude nder heeñere joom mum, faawnga tawa fiɗaaka ɓowɗi. « Ngaal paawngal wiyetee ko paawngal heeñere piltoongal (fièvre viscérale évolutive).

Paawngal heeñere piltoongal ina adda ɓuutdi heeñere, ina adda kadi ɓuutdi ɗaamol. Ɗiɗi fof ina mbaawi ɓuutde wona ɓuutdi heeñɗaamol. Ina adda kadi edda ɓurɗo bonde ina wiyee: paawngal haaɗhaaɗoonde heeñere mo biige boɗeeje, mo coofol.

Sifaa paawngal ngal ko hono nii : paawngal ñalawma gadano; paawngal ñalawma ɗiɗmo, ɓernde ƴeefoore, tuure, hoore muusoore, tampere, ƴakku, muus jokkorɗe.

Paawngal jontanɗe (plasmodium malariae »

Peeñgol paawngal ngal ko e jonte tati. So ngal fuɗɗiima e nder ooɗoo ñalawma, ngal artoyta ko ñalawma tataɓo. Ko ngal paawngal ngal bonaani etee ngal warataa.

Paawngal duumingal (plasmodium vivax)

Peeñgol maggal ko ñalawma gadano ; ngal artoya e ñalawma tataɓo. Omo leela feeñde sabu omo waɗa balɗe sappo e joy, heen sahaaji nii omo waɗa lewbi jeenay. Mboros o yaltata ɓalndu ko e nder duuɓi ɗiɗi.

Paawngal nayaɓiiwal (plasmodium ovale)

E ngal woodi e Afrik ; ngal alaa hiisa, ngal warataa.

Eddaaji walla fannuuji ɓowɗi ko nay

- ɓowɗi jarooji ƴiiƴam neɗɗo
- ɓowɗi jarooji ƴiiƴam jawdi
- ɓowɗi gonɗi boowal e ladde
- ɓowɗi gonɗi e nder cuuɗi

Hol no ɓowɗi mbiltirta ?

Eɗi cokli : - ƴiiƴam ; - ndiyam ; - nguleeki ; jine ; catallaaji ɗi mbawtaaka ekn …

Hol no ndeentorto-ɗen ?

Ngam añde woto ɗi njarde ƴiiƴam men, kuutoro-ɗen fabiyoŋaaji cuuwaaɗi. Ndeento-ɗen diƴƴe debbintooɗe e nder galleeji walla e mbeddaaji ; calo-ɗen catallaaji ɗi mbawtaaka. Ndufen kala kurjutu to woɗɗi, etee, so en ndañii, nduppen ɗi.

Hol no cafrorto-ɗen ?

So en tinii maale jontinooje, tiindo-ɗen to safrirde. Ko safrooɓe nganndi ko mbaɗanta en haa cellen.

Sammba Gata Bah, hooreejo catal kayhayɗi

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Tesko

Biige : globules

Yiyti jontinooje ko ganndo gooto ina wiyee Lavéran, to wuro wiyeteengo Constantinople, to Alaseri

Senegaalnaaɓe keɓii hakkunde "Geese"

Maande Gmail

Hankadi, kala Senegaalnaajo jogiiɗo ordinateer e internet ina waawi winndondirde e cinndel (telefoŋ portaabal) mesasuuji daɓɓi, ko anndiraa SMS (Short message service). Ko ñalnde altine 26 sulyee 2010 Google hurmbiti ooɗoo sarwiis keso wonande Senegaal. O wiyetee ko Gmail sms. Ɗum noon, Senegaalnaaɓe kala huutortooɓe ooɗoo Gmail sms (neldirgel ɓatakeeji Google)

ina mbaawi neldude walla heɓde ɓatakeeji binndaaɗi tawi njoɓaani hay fiftiin ; aɓe mbaawi nii jaabjaabtondirde e binndol (chat) e yimɓe ɓe ɓe njokkondiri.

Sms ina waɗetenoo ko ɓooyi hakkunde cinndel e cinndel, kono binndi ɗi mbaawaano hisneede no haanirta nii, nde tawnoo portaabal (cinndel) ina majja, walla bona : jooni, so a huutoriima Gmail, aɗa waawi hisnude denndaangal jokkondire maa ko aldaa e happu, sibu kala ko mooftaa e internet majjataa.

Neɗɗo kala kuutortooɗo oo sarwiis, ina jogii, e fuɗɗoode ɗo, hakke neldude 50 sms tawa yoɓaani. Kala nde neldu-ɗaa mesaas, aɗa yamiree neldude joy goɗɗi. So tawii noon njaabtori-ɗaa ko cinndel, njoɓataa tan ko ko ngoowno-ɗaa yoɓde ko.

E nder leydi Senegaal ndi, waawi huutoraade sarwiis oo tan e ooɗoo sahaa ko Tigo e Orange.

E nder winndere nde no diidorinoo, ko leyɗe nay tan kuutortoo ooɗoo sarwiis ; e nder Afrik ko Senegaal ɗiɗmiti Ganaa. Wonande Tijjaan Dem, jooɗaniiɗo Google e Afrik kaloowo Farayse, « ɗumɗoo ina hollita faayiida Google rokki Senegaal ».

So tawii neɗɗo heɓii daraja mawɗo, walla aannii aduna, heewnoo wiyeede ko « heɓii hakkunde wuro » ; jooni, eɗen mbaawi wiyde « Senegaal heɓii hakkunde geese » !

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Sida : Ko e laawol wonaa

Maande Sida

Batu 18ɓu jowitiingu e Sida jooɗiima to wuro ina wiyee Vienne to leydi Otris, tuggi 18 haa 23 sulyee 2010 . Udditi ngu ko Kuuɓal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe e hoore mum, hono Ban Ki Moon. Ko ina wona 20 000 neɗɗo ina tawtoraa : karalleeɓe cellal, wiɗtooɓe, jeyaaɓe e pelle, wonduɓe e rafi o ekn …

Ñalnde 19 sulyee nde, won golle kollitaa e batu he, jibinɗe ɗamaawu mawɗo. Waɗi ɗeen golle, yettini ɗum en batu ngu, ko Nokku Afrik worgonaajo ko fayti e wiɗto yowitiingo e Sida to Durban (Caprisa). Ina wayi no gila 2007, annduɓe Afrik worgonaaɓe gollotooɓe e oon nokku ngonnoo ko e jarribaade penndam (gel e Farayse). 900 debbo, yahrooɓe hakkunde duuɓi 18 e 40, njarribiima ɗam. Teskaama wonde aɗam usta raaɓo Sida, fotde feccere. Ɗum ɗoon noon kohuunde mawnde wonande annduɓe ɓe, sibu kala ko ina usta raaɓo ngo, ina haɗa ñawu ngu ɓeydaade saraade. Ko ɗum addani ɓe semmbinde duhagol (ɓoornagol walla kaddungal) worɓe, sibu teskaama, ɗuum ne kadi ina jeyaa e ko ustata raaɓo Sida, fotde 60%. Yimɓe fof ina kawri ɗumɗoo fotaani woppinde kuutoragol ko wiyetee « préservatif » ko (ndeentorka).

Ko noon kadi wonande safaara kuutorteeɗo e ooɗoo sahaa o, ganndiraaɗo ‘trithérapies’ woni safaara denɗiɗo safaruuji tati. Oon ne kadi teskaama ina usta raaɓo.

Feso ina ɗaminaa

Won goomuuji wiɗto faytungo e cellal njiyti ngeɗon ɗiɗon mbiyeteekon « antijeen », ngonowon e ƴiiƴam, mbaawkon faddaade ko ɓuri heewde e eddaaji mboros gaddoowosida o. Ɓeen wiɗtooɓe ko Ameriknaaɓe. Oo kabaaru jibinii ɗamaawu mawɗo, sibu koyiytaa ko ina waawi wonde ndaɗɗudi peewnugol feso faddotoongo ñawu ngu kam eñawbuuli goɗɗi keewɗi.

E wiyde Michel Sidibé, Gardiiɗo Onusida (Njuɓɓudi Fedde Ngenndiije toppitiinde Sida),ko ina ɓura miliyoŋaaji 5 neɗɗo ina cafroo ; ɗumɗoo ko huunde maantinde, sibu koɓeydaare nde hono mum meeɗaa waɗde e ɗiiɗoo duuɓi 20 cakkitiiɗi. Yanti heen kadi, ustagol ñawooɓe ina teskaa, fotde 17%.

Wonande Afrik noon o ɓuri teeŋtinde ko raaɓo ummaade yumma feewde e ɓiɗɗo, sibu fotde 400 000 ina njibidinee hitaande kala e Sida e nder Afrik, tawi nattii woodde enokkuuji winndere nde keddiiɗi ɗi. Tataɓal ɓeen sukaaɓe keewi ko sankaade ko adii nde ndañata hitaande.

Wonannde penndam njiytaɗam ɗam, o wiyi wonde alaa ko ɓuri ɗumɗoo himmude to bannge paddagol ñawu ngu. Sibu, wonaa tan sabu aɗam usta raaɓo, kono ko sabu kadi rewɓe ɓe maa mbaaw tamde fiyakuuji mum en to oon bannge, sibu ko kamɓe kuutortoo ɗam, tawi ɓe coklaani ɗaɓɓude yamiroore hay gooto : ɗum maa addan ɓe waawde hisnude koye e maɓɓe e yoga e jotondire njogoram ɗe koolnaaki. Ko ɗum huunde maantinde sibu denndaangal kuutorɗe goodnooɗe adan ɗe pawinoo e ko eworɓe.

Ko woni ONUSIDA ?

ONUSIDA (walla UNAIDS e Engele) ko tuugnorgal Fedde ngenndiije toppitiingal yuɓɓinde golle juɓɓule fanniyankooje Fedde nde ngam haɓde e ñawu VIH/Sida. Ngal sosaa ko âlnde 1 desammbar 1995. Joɗnde njuɓɓudi ndi woni ko Jeneef, to leydi Siwis. Ardii njuɓɓudi ndi ko Malinaajo biyeteeɗo Michel Sidibe, gila 1 desammbar 2008.

Addani ONUSIDA soseede ko faamde wonde SIDA haɓortaako tan to bannge cellal, sibu no ngu sardortoo nii kam e njaajeendi maggu, alaa e fannuuji nguurndam ɗi ngu woppi. Pelle keewɗe e leyɗe keewɗe ina njoginoo tuugnorɗe mum en hare, kono ɗe njokkondiraano : ko yuɓɓinde denndaangaal golle ɗe addani ONUSIDA soseede. En paamii tan golle ONUSIDA wonaa hokkude ngaluuji, alaa, ko yuɓɓinde golle erenndinnde keɓe e kabaruuji e humpitooji, woni gollal gadanal. Gollal ɗiɗmal ONUSIDAko rokkude kabaruuji jowitiiɗi e batte ñawu ngu, gila to bannge cellal (limoore ñawɓe) haa to bannge renndo (nguurndam wonduɓe e Sida) haa to bannge faggudu (batte ñawu ngu e faggudu leyɗe ɗe). Gollal tataɓal ONUSIDA ko ardaade politik kuftodinɗo hare feewde e SIDA, ko wayi no cosgol won ɗeen tuugnorɗe.

Bookara Aamadu Bah

Sida : feso ina ɗaminaa ɗo e duuɓi 4 haa 5.

Luc Montagnier

Porfeseer Luc Montagnier, keɓooɗo hikka njeenaari mbiyeteendi « Prix Nobel » ko fayti e safaara wiyi ina yaakorii wonde feso safroowo Sida ina waawi dañeede ɗo e « duuɓi nay haa joy ».

«welaani haalde, kono ina gasa wona ɗoo e duuɓi nay maa joy ». Nde o naamndaa mbele o heñaaki ? O jaabii « ko e ɗeen golle ngon-ɗen ko ina wona jooni duuɓi sappo ». O wiyi noon wonde « feso safroowo » ɓuri newaade e « feso faddotoongo ». O heptinii noon wonde Sida ko ñawu caɗtungu faamde, tee haa hannde annduɓe ngoni ko etaade faamde ko saabii "paddorde ɓalndu neɗɗo ina colɓitoroo nii …" .

E miijo makko, hay so tawii yimɓe mbaawaani haɗde ñawu ngu, peeje keewɗe ina ngoodi ngam ustude raaɓo-raaɓo maggu : findinde yimɓe ɓe e faamninde ɗum en no tewortoo ñawu ngu.

BIyeteeɗo Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, mo Luc Montagnier heɓdunoo njeenaari kaal-ɗe dow ndi, wiyi wonde «hay gooto anndaa nde feso faddotoongo ñawu ngu waawata heɓaade». «Eɗen poti heptinde wonde en nganndaa nde ɗum wonoyta, pot-ɗen tan ko jokkude golle». O teeŋtinii no feewi kimmugol njilawu ngam faamde no «mboros Sida o wonirta nder ɓalndu e no wiltirta heen », sibu ko ɗum saabii ñawɓe ɗum ɓe ko alaa e sago nduumoo e safaara goodaaɗo o kaaɗdi nguurngam mum en.

«Ko ɗum ñawu cabbinoowu e nokkuuji cebooji (muqueueses) ; ko ɗum tagi, so en njiɗii feewnude feso, alaa sago paamen no moƴƴi hol no terɗe cebooje kaɓtortoo ñawu».

Ɓeeɗoo annduɓe Faraysenaaɓe keɓii, no mbiyruno-ɗen, njeenaari e lewru oktoobar ɓennundu ndu, sabu ko kamɓe njiyti mboros Sida (VIH). Ve kevata njeenaari ndi ko e juuɗe laamɗo Suède, to wuro ina wiyee Stockholm. Njeenaari ndi ina waɗi Seedantaagal (Diplôme) kam e medaay (Karaŋ) e wondude miliyoŋaaji 10 kaalis Suède (fotde 300 miliyoŋ ugiyya).

Kaalis oo noon ɓe keɓata heen tan ko feccere ; feccere heddiinde nde, nawata ɗum ko ganndo Almaañnaajo biyeteeɗo Harald zur Hausen, keɓɗo hono njeenaari maɓɓe ndi sabu wiɗtooji mum jowitiiɗi e mboros caabotooɗo ñawu mbiyeteengu Kanseer (Cancer) mbalndi jibinirgol debbo (Utérus).

Sokna Barré Sinoussi ina yahra e duuɓi 61, Porfeseer Luc Montagnier 76 hitaande. Golle maɓɓe ngaddani annduɓe faamde ñawu Sida ngu e dañande ɗum safaara goodaaɗo hannde o ».

Eɗen ciftina tan wonde ñawu Sida ngu feeñi ko e hitaande 1981. E oon sahaa, luural mawgal joliino jowitiingal e anndude « hol gidiiɗo yiytude ngu » : mbele ko Luc Montagnier (Farayse) walla ko Robert Galo (Amerik) ? Ina wayino ngaal luural kam diwtaama hannde sibu yimɓe fof ina kawri wonde « ɗum yiytaa ko Paris », hay so tawii noon, annduɓe ɓe ina keptini golle paayodinɗe ɗe Galo gollii.

M. zur Hausen, jahroowo e duuɓi 72, kam wonnoo gardiiɗo ko fayti e njiylawu kanseer (Cancer) to Almaañ.

(kɗl :Bookara Aamadu Bah)

Sirruuji 7 ‘bikarbonaat’

Bikarbonaat

Ina newii, ina weeɓi to coggu, ina newii huutoraade, ina heewi nafooje haa arti noon wonande yiɗɓe suɗaade. Min limtana on heen geɗe jeeɗiɗi

Hol ko woni bikarbonaat ?

Bikarbonaat ko puudaar daneejo, keewɗo faayiida sanne, keewɗo nafoore : oma huutoree e nguura, omo huutoree ngam suɗaade walla yooɗnaade, omo safra … Omo weeɓi to bannge coodgu (kiloo mum ko hedde 2 000 ugiyya jarata) ; yanti heen so a yiytii ɗum, maa ɗum lomtano ma geɗe keewɗe

goɗɗe ɓittatnooɗe ma. Ina newii heɓde, sibu ina tawee e jeeyirɗe keewɗe walla e farmasii. Bikarbonaat mooftetee ko e niɓɓere, tawa ko e nokku joorɗo no soomrinoo nii.

Ina socca ñiiƴe, ranwina ɗum en, sellina ɗum en
Bikarbonaat ina anndiraa ranwinde ñiiƴe. So aɗa wufƴoo ɗum eɗum usta geɗe penndotooɗe e hunuko, caabotooɗe ñiiƴe julɗe.
So a teddinii wufƴaade ɗum (kudduyel tokosel e nder weer ndiyam) ina seernda e foofaandu ndu welaani.
Ina moƴƴi e nguru hoore : a waddat ɗum e nebam maa hoore, ngujo-ɗaa. Nii woni leppina sukundu ma, haɗa ɗum helde, jaarɗa, itta kobje.
Ko noon kadi bikarbonaat ina leppina koyɗe walla yeeso, walla nguru ɓalndu fof : feccere kaas tan mbaɗataa e siwoo maa ndiyam so aɗa ɓuftoo. Yanti heen omo lawƴa kadi beñuwaar (nokku ɓuftorɗo).
Maske ɓurɗo weeɓde ko kuutortooɗo bikarbonaat. A leppintu yeeso ma, takkaa heen bikarbonaat. So tawii ko puƴe, ngoppaa heen fotde hojom walla hojomaaji joy. Omo safra kadi ŋato-ŋato, wuurtina nguru ɓalndu.
So oɗa foppoo bikarbonaat, ɓalndu maa aamtataa. Ngam ɗuum teddin waɗde mo e ñooŋɗe ɓalndu (wonande naafɗe ekn ko puudaar oo tan poppataa heen). Aɗa waawi foppude nder paɗe ma jamma fof hade maa lelaade, ina haɓa e kamammbeer.

Wolkaa Eyjafjöll filñitiima

ruulde cuurki

Ko meeɗaa yiyeede e winndere nde : cuurki dartinde yah-ngartaa hakkunde leyɗeele : kiin cuurki ummorii ko e wolkaa puccitiiɗo to leydi ina wiyee Islande. Ndiin leydi woni ko ceɓtam rewo, rewo Orop. Ko duungel peggungel nder diƴƴe geec, nokku jaangɗo no feewi, haa ko ɓuri heewde e sahaa ndiyam ko penndiɗam. Nokku o ina woowti ko wayi noon, sibu omo waɗi ko ina tolnoo e 130 wolkaa guurɗo, ɗi nganndu-ɗaa sahaa e sahaa kala

ina ngukkita jaynge e ɓakke caasɗe e hayngo kaaƴe, e ndoondi, e duule funndu. Kono tan, ɗeen duule funndu ko ɓurtuɗe no feewi e ngolɗoo laawol, sibu ɗe kaɗii laaɗe diwooje diwde e nder yoga e leyɗe Orop (Angalteer, Farayse … ). Ko ɓuri heewde e kanndaaji maa uddaa, alaa laana juurotoo, alaa ndiwoowa, ɗannotooɓe toobii. Yeru, ñalnde alet 18 abriil, denndaangal kanndaaji Farayse udda.

Hay Afrik tinii batte mum, sibu yimɓe men jookiiɓe toon walla yiɗɓe yahde toon ina ndoŋki. Ko ɗum kadi addani Barak Obama e Sarkosi e laamɗo Angalteer e mo Sued e mo Espaañ kam e gardiiɗo leydi Almaañ hono Angela Merkel kala haaytude yahde tawtoroyeede wirwirnde hooreejo leydi Rumaani cankinooɗo e aksidaa laana ndiwoowa to leydi Riisi. Ooɗoo wolkaa kaɗɗo laaɗe diwde to Orop hannde, filñitii ko ñalnde 20 mars : o fuɗɗorii ko wolƴude (no ngooƴam nii) hayngo kaaƴe, hade makko fuccitaade ñalnde alarba 14 abriil.

Wolkaa o wukkitta ko doondi e ngabbon leydi cewkon. Fof saggoyi ko dow asamaan. So kon puɗɗiima tellaade, e oon sahaa ina hulaa woto ɗum addude ñawbuuli, sibu yimɓe ngonata ko e foofde ɗum.

Ko ina wona jooni duuɓi 16 ooɗoo wolkaa woni ko e iccitaade. Tuugude 1994, ɓetirɗe yerɓo leydi e maantorɗe GPS (balises GPS) tinii ƴergol hayngo kaaƴe ngol (magma).

Ngam faamde ɗum, maa ciftoraa wonde Islande ko bannge jiyotooɗo geejol kaaƴe wolkaa peccitɗe geec Atlantik ummaade rewo fayde worgo. Yanti heen, Islande tiimi cot ko e «nokku gulɗo», pasoowo nder leydi, alaa ko heedi hakkunde mum en so wonaa 700 haa 800 km. Ina wayi no duunde Islande nde e hoore mum ko noon ardi : ko hayngo kaaƴe joowondiri ɗoon. Annduɓe ɓe mbiyi nii ɗumɗoo ko fuccitannde tokosere. Tagi ɗum jogaade ɗeeɗoo batte hikka tan, ko sabu mum hawrude e keneeli ina tiindii Orop (bannge fuɗnaange worgo). Hol ko addani wolkaa oo fuccitaade jooni ? Annduɓe ɓe mbiyi ko sabu kawrital hakkunde magmaa o (hayngo kaaƴe) e galaas, ɗum woni hakkunde jaynde wulnge jaw e galaas ɓuuɓɗo reyum kuurinooɗo e hunukowolkaa o. Ceerungal ɓurtungal guleeki hakkunde ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi, fotde 1100°C (ndiyam pasɗam ko 100°C fat), saabii mawnugol fuccitannde nde. Ɗum noon jibinta ko punndi e ndoondi koyndi no feewi kam e geɗe goɗɗe bayɗe no gaasuuji baɗɗi asidaaji, ko wayi no fuliyoor mo nganndu-ɗaa ko posone bonɗo (e hitaande 1783 puccitagol wolkaa Laki sariino mo e Islande, wari jawdi e ko ina tolnoo e 3 000 Islanndenaajo sabu heege. Ndiin ndoondi saabinooma higgu e nder Orop ; won wiyooɓe nii oon higgu ina jeyaa e ko saabii Waklitere waɗnoonde e oon sahaa Farayse, hono Révolution Française 1789).

Hannde noon, uddugol kanndaaji Orop, ko ngalu keewngu waasetee heen, haa arti noon wonande pelle jolngo diwooje, ko ina tolnoo e 147 miliyoŋ oroo (57 miliyaar ugiyya) ñalawma kala mo laaɗe ɗe ndiwaani.

_______________________

Hol to woni Islanndaa

Islande (woni leydi galaas) ko dowla jeyɗo hoore mum, gonɗo e duungel peggungel, woni ngel jokkondiraani e duuɗe winndere mawɗe ɗe, hono Amerik, Orop, Asii, Afrik e Ostaraali. Ndi woni ko Geec Atlantik rewo, hakkunde Groeland e Ekos. E nder 192 leyɗe jeyaaɗe e Fedde Ngenndiije dentuɗe, heen 45 ko duuɗe pegguɗe (insulaires).

Njaajeendi wertallo leydi ndi ko 103 000 kilomeeteer karee. Fotde 320 000 neɗɗo ina koɗi e mayri. Laamorgo mayri wiyetee ko Reykjavik, ɗemngal mayri wiyetee Islande. Hade 2008, ko kayri wonno leydi ɗiɗmiri to bannge dañal e ƴellitaare. Isalnde jeyaaka tawo e Dental Orop. Ɓe mbaɗii jeyeede heen ñalnde 17 sulyee 2009, ina yaakoraa ma ɓe njaɓe heen.

Yahdu ina moƴƴi e hakkille (tesko)

Yahdu

Won wiɗto annduɓe Ameriknaaɓe mbaɗi hollitoowo wonde yimɓe moylooɓe (yahooɓe yahdu yaawndu) laabi tati e yontere kala tawi ko dañɓe duuɓi 55, ɓuri moƴƴude hakkillaaji e tolnodiiɓe mum en ɓe njahataa ɓe. Yahdu ndu ina ɓeyda kada mawnugol nokku (hettere) teskorɗo gonɗo e ngaanndi o biyeteeɗo ippokamp (hippocampe). Oon nokku noon, neɗɗo mawnat tan ina ɓeydoo famɗitde. Ko ngool pamɗitgol «nawata koye nayeeɓe» (eɗen keewi wiyde nayeeɓe : «hoore ko yahnde !»)

Annduɓe ɓee koolkisii ɗum ko e yimɓe 120 yahrooɓe hedde duuɓi capanɗe jeegom, selluɓe, kono ɓe keewaani dillude. Ɓe pecci ɓe e pecce ɗiɗi :

• Feccere adannde nde ina yaha fotde hojomaaji 40 tawa ndartaaki, balɗe tati nder yontere kala.

• Feccere ɗiɗmere nde, joomum en ngonata tan ko e fooccaade, ina ndillikinoo seeɗa.

E nder lebbi jeegom haa hitaande ɓe ƴeewndaa.

Goomuuji ɗiɗi ɗii kala ɓeydima waawde teskaade won ɗeen geɗe, ko wayi no laawol rewnoo, walla yiytude ɗo joɗɗinnoo huunde, e yeru.

Kono ɓurondiral mawngal teskaama hakkunde majji. Kirk Erickson, ganndo gonɗo to Duɗal Jaaɓihaaɗtirde Pittsburgh wyi : «e nder hitaande nokku teskorɗo moylatnooɓe ɓe ɓeydiima fotde 2%, tawi mo oya goomu ina ustii fotde 1,4% …». O ɓeydi heen : «min cikkatnoo ko alaa e sago, so neɗɗo ina mawna, ippokamp mum wona e famɗitde, kono ngooɗoo jarribo hollii wonde so neɗɗo ina softina ɗaɗi mum e ɓernde mum, hay so seeɗa, e nder hitaande, ɗuum ina waawi ɓeydude ndeeɗoo hettere ngaanndi…».

40 hojom, laabi tati e nder yontere, wonaa huunde saɗtunde waɗde : jom duuɓi en (dañde 55 fayi dow) ina poti etaade waɗde ɗuum ko famɗi fof ; haɗataa nayeewu, kono ina haɗa ɓoro ngaanndi. Maa joom mum en yahdu e hakkillaaji mum en!!!

Ƴoogirde : nytimes.com / Fulo : BAB

Yerɓannde leydi to Hayiti

Kuɓeeje janɗe

Yerɓannde leydi doolnunde waɗnde to Hayiti ñalnde talaata 12 saawiyee 2010, boomi laamorgo mum hono Port-au-Prince, ellee ari ko jokkitde ndii leydi ndi seeraani e musibbaaji weeyo e renndo e politik gila heɓi jeytaare mum e hitaande 1804.

Yerɓannde nde tolniima e toɓɓe 7,3 e nder daawrugal Richter.

Nde bonnii ko ɓuri heewde e laamorgo leydi ndi. Alaa huɓeere waɗnde taakaw darii. Hay ardorde leydi ndi (persidaas), burñitiima. Heewɓe e terɗe Guwarnama leydi ndi maayii heen. Ko noon ne wonande jooɗaninooɓe toon Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe : joɗnde mum wonti ko karawal : fotde 150 kaske bulo (casques bleus) maayii heen, ina heen gardiiɗo misiyoŋ o, hono Hedi Annabi.

Won wiyooɓe ko yani e Hayiti ko, ko kuɗdi, kono, ɗuum ma a taw ko yawaade kuɗdi tan ! Sibu, idii fof lorlude ndii leydi ko njiimaandi koloñaal e dumunna juutɗo, caggal ɗum ko laamuuji caɗtari. E ooɗoo sahaa ina jeyaa e caɗeele mayri bonnugol dunli ɓurtungol kam e uujo feewde e teeru ngo yuɓɓaani, ɗum jiidaa e jikkuuji ñeenaari e nguyka e bonannde jawdi cabbinɗi toon.

Farweende ɓurtunde ndiiɗoo leydi ummorii ko e baasal ɓurtungal, ko e waasde jogaade njuɓɓudi, ko wonde e sato ngo senaaki, ko ardoreede no feewaani gila ko ɓooyi, yanti e batte njiimaandi kolonyaal.

Fiddeende politik

Hayiti heɓi hoore mum (jeytii/rimɗi) ko e hitaande 1804, woni jooni duuɓi 207. E nder duuɓi noogaas cakkitiiɗi ɗi, Hayiti wuuri tan ko e iiñcuru politik. E hitaande 1990, biyeteeɗo Jean Bertrand Aristide toɗɗaa toon hooreejo leydi e rewrude e woote. Hitaande fawtii heen, o waɗaa kuudetaa. Nii woni o yalti leydi ndi. O arti e laamu e hitaande 2001, kono Amerik e Farayse e Kanadaa, yantude e murto jogitiingo, mbaawni mo woppude laamu, o dogi, o yalti leydi ndi kadi. Gila ndeen, ko soldateeɓe Fedde Ngenndiije (casques bleus) ngoni toon ngam reende kisal leydi ndi.

Baasal ɓurtungal

Toɗɗegol Réné Préval hooreejo leydi ndi e hitaande 2006, addanaani baasal ustaade ; ngal ɓeydii nii ko waawnude. Hannde e ooɗoo nyalawma, ndi hiisetee ko kayri woni leydi ɓurndi waasde e nder duuɗe Amerik.

Musibaaji weeyo, keneeli mobbooji e guubiliiji e ile.

E hitaande 1998, mobbooru wiyeteendu «George» warii toon ko ina wona 200 neɗɗo. E 2004, mobbooru wiyeteendu «Jeanne », ardundu e ile e ɓakke, moobii ko ina wona feccere e leydi ndi, wari ko ina ɓura 3000 neɗɗo, bonnani ko ina wona 300 000 neɗɗo. E hitaande 2007, ko noon : toɓooli ɓurtuɗi e ile mboomi worgo leydi ndi. E hitaande 2008 ndee tan, mobbooji e guubiliiji 4 (Fay, Gusaw, Hanna e Like) mermbiliima leydi ndi, mbari hedde 800 neɗɗo e fotde miliyoŋ neɗɗo lorii heen. Fotde 100 000 hoɗorde mboni.

Yanti e ɗum, peƴƴugol leɗɗe ngol alaa haddu, ina addana leydi ndi farwude, sibu keneeli e ile fof alaa haŋkadi ɗo kaggata.

Yerɓo leydi : haa e ooɗoo sahaa, Hayiti ina daɗnoo e jerɓanɗe leydi doolnuɗe, gila 7 mee 1842 (fotde 168 hitaande). Ndeen yerɓannde tolninooma e 8.1 e daawrugal Richter, nde mumti wuro Kap (Cap). Caggal ɗum leydi yerɓii toon laabi ɗiɗi, e hitaande 1954 e hitaande 1994. Ko ɓooyaani koo kadi, yerɓannde tolniinde e 4,3 bonnii ɓoggi kuuraa wuro laamorgo leydi ndi. E hitaande 2008, leydi yerɓii toon laabi tati (tolno 4,3) e nder balɗe 13 fat. Duuɓi keewɗi jooni ko annduɓe Hayitinaaɓe e Ameriknaaɓe njeertinta laamu ngu wonde yerɓannde leydi doolnunde ina waawi waɗde. Kono alaa fof kuugal ngu ƴetti ngam heblanaade ɗum, yo won to bannge kumpital yimɓe ɓe, walla mahateeri ndi. Finnde mum ko e lewru noowammbar 2008, ekkol rimtiima toon e elewaaji, wari heen 103, gaañi heen 150, e saraaji Port-au-Prince. L

Huunde e Daartol Hayiti

Hayiti darjirnoo ko « Saint-Domingue » nde woni e kalifaandi Farayse nde, hay so tawii noon, duunde nde ina wiyetenoo Hispaniola. Nde renndini hannde ko leyɗe ɗiɗi : Hayiti (hirnaange) e Ndenndaandi Saint-Domingue (fuɗnaange). Ndi waɗti wiyeede Hayiti tan, ko nde ndi heɓi hoore mayri e hitaande 1804, caggal wolde ndimaagu hakkunde maccuɓe murtunooɓe duunde nde, e konu Napoléon Bonaparte (laamɗo Farayse). Ardinoo ɓeen jiyaaɓe, dahanooɓe Afrik ngaddaa toon ngam remde gawƴe suukara, ko biyeteeɗo Toussaint Louverture.

Tuggi 1720, Saint-Domingue ɓurnoo duuɗe gonnooɗe e njiimaandi Engele en fof so ndenndii, heewde ko soñata e gawƴe suukara. E nder ndeen teeminannde, yoga e Afriknaaɓe dahetenooɓe ko toon payretenoo, e rewrude ko anndiraa « commerce triangulaire ». Hade rewolisiyoŋ jolde Farayse, Saint-Domingue yenytintunoo tataɓal njeeyguuji Farayse fayde caggal leydi.

Rewolisiyoŋ Farayse jibini jiiɓru mawndu e nder koloniiji mum, haa arti noon e duuɗe Antiiy, yeru to Saint-Domingue. Murto jiyaaɓe ɓurngo heen maantinde yuumti ko e kaɗtugol njiyaagu (abolition de l'esclavage).

Toussaint Louverture toɗɗaa yo wonan toon Farayse Guwerneer, caggal nde artiri deeƴre, riiwi Españool en e Engele en. O artiri toon jam, haa duunde nde weli wuurde. O yahi ha bayyini toon doosɗe leydi bellitooje duunde nde e njiimaandi Farayse. Ko ɗum addani Napoléon Bonaparte neldude toon konu ngu 30 000 soldaat, e gardagol keynum, hono seneraal Leklerke (Leclerc). Ɓe njaggi Toussaint Louverture ɓe ngoɗɗini ɗum ; kono ɗum haaɗaani biyeteeɗo Jean-Jacques Dessaline fiyde ɓe e wolde lollirnde bataille de Vertières. Nii woni, caggal nde jiyaaɓe ɓe pooli kalifaandi e rewrude kareeli ndimaagu e jeytaare, leydi ndi heɓi jeytaare mum ñalnde 1 saawiyee 1804, ndi innitiraa Hayiti. Hayiti woni leydi ngadanndi e winndere nde, ummiindi e mumtugol njiyaagu.

Dessalines waɗi hoore mum guwerneer kaaɗdi nguurndam. O yamiri yo tuubakooɓe raneeɓe heddinooɓe e duunde he, yo kirse. O laamii laamu Manna. O jamfaa, o waraa ñalnde 17 oktoobar 1806. Leydi ndi feccii : laamaandi rewo woni Hayiti e Ndenndaandi (République) to bannge worgo.

Ñalnde 11 sulyee 1825, laamɗo Farayse, hono Charles X, yaltini kuulal keptinoowal ndimaagu leydi ndi.

Kono, hankadi, kuudetaaji njokkondiri : konu ngu e yontaaɓe jilluɓe ɓe e ɓaleeɓe ɓe, julankooɓe (heewɓe e maɓɓe ko tumarankooɓe : Almaaji, Amerikeeji, Farysenaaɓe e Engele en), ngoni e fooɗondirde ngardiigu. Baasal woni e naatde, sibu deeƴre alaa, tee ardotooɓe ɓe paalaaka ƴellitde ndi. Leydi ndi hoɗi e jiiɓru. Dental Amerik heɓti ndi, woni e mayri tuggi 1915 haa 1934. Caggal ɗum Duvalier (Diwaliyee) en laamii, laamu caɗtaru, tuggi 1957 haa 1986, alaa fof bonannde mbaɗaani. Ko kamɓe ndarnunoo goomuuji taƴooɓe, yahooɓe ina mbariiyaha yimɓe, anndiraaɓe « tonton Macoute » en. Ɗum addani Hayitinaaɓe heewɓe uujde, payi Amerik e Kanadaa.

Diiniyanke biyeteeɗo Jean-Bertrand Aristide fooli e woote e lewru desammbar 1990. Manndaa makko fuɗɗii ñalnde 7 feebariyee 1991, kono Raoul Cédras waɗi mo kuudetaa e ballal konu e nder lewru settammbar.

Hayiti jeyaa ko e leyɗe ɗiɗi kaalooje Farayse gonɗe Amerik hirnaange.

Yuɓɓo naange dañii funeere

HD10180

Yuɓɓo ngo tagopeeje joy (walla 7) ko famɗi fof, taarotooɗe hoodere wootere yiytaama. Habri ɗum ko annduɓe ko fayti e kuule weeyo ñalnde 24 ut 2010.

E wiyde maɓɓe « min njiytii yuɓɓo ɓurngo heewde tagopeeje yiytaango haa e ooɗoo sahaa ». Yuɓɓo naange men waɗi ko tagopeeje jeetati ; yuɓɓo yiytaango ngo ina waɗi tagopeeje jeeɗiɗi, ɗum noon e ngo ɓadtii no feewi ngo men ngo.

Wonande annduɓe ɓe, ɗum ko daawal kesal e ganndal weeyo. Ɓe kuutorii ko teleskop ESO gonɗo to Sili ngam reende, e duuɓi jeegom jawtuɗi ɗi, hoodere nanndunde e naange, wiyeteende HD10180, woɗɗunde en fotde 127 hitaande-annoore (woni 1 202 344 560 000 000 kiloomeeteer = miliyoŋ e temedde ɗiɗi ujunere miliyaar kiloomeeteer). Gaa gaa yuɓɓo naange, yuɓɓo ɓurnoongo mawnude ngo annduɓe njiytunoo joginoo ko tagopeeje 5, tawi heen ɗiɗi ko ɓuje. (RFI)

Ñalnde mbootu waɗti safrude

Mbootu

Baawɗe Alla, booti, ko wiyetnoo « hoɗdiiɓe bonɓe », ina mbaawi wontude safaara keewɗo faayiida. Ko ɗum woni ko kippu annduɓe wiɗtooɓe, wonɓe to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Nottingham to Angalteer, kabri ñalnde 6 settaambar 2010. Ɓe njiytii ko ina wona molekilaaji jeenay ceertuɗi e nder ngaanndi e ciirte (ciirtol) ɗaɗi-tino booti e teŋke.

Geɗe tookaaɗe wonande bakteriiji ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ina mbaawi hutoreede ngam haɓde e mborosaaji keewɗi dartaade antibiotikaaji gaadoraaɗi ɗi. E wiyde ɓeeɗoo wiɗtooɓe, ɗiiɗoo ciirti ina mbaawi warde ko ɓuri 90% e mborosaaji biyeteeɗi estaafilokok dooree (staphylocoques dorés, hono SARM) kam e Eshirishiya koli (E. coli) tawi alaa ko mbonni e ɓalndu neɗɗo. E ooɗoo sahaa, annduɓe ɓe ngoni ko e ƴeewde e nder laboratuwaar mum en ko heen geɗal kala e geɗe jiytaaɗe ɗe heerorii.

E miijo Simon Lee, gollotooɗo e duɗal gannde safaara jawdi to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Biritaan, «ɗumɗoo ko huunde jooɗtoranoonde sibu koowooje nguuri ko e nokkuuji ɗi cenaaki, bonɗi e cellal, ɗo bakteriiji keewi no feewi. Ɗum noon alaa e sago ɓalli majje paggoo kaɓtorɗe mborosaaji taweteeɗi e ɗiin nokkuuji ». «E min njaakorii maa ɗii molekilaaji mballit haɓde e ñawbuuli ɗi SARM e E. Coli caabii, ɓeydotooɗi ñalnde kala mettude haɓde ». E miijo Simon Lee «yanti heen ɗiiɗoo antibiyotikaaji kesi maa mbaaw lomtaade safaruuji goodɗi ɗi, keewɗi nafoore kono jogiiɗi batte goɗɗe keewɗe ɗe njiɗaaka ».

(Le Monde) / firo : Bookara Aamadu Bah

Kelmeendi

Molekil : Molécule, woni dental gabbe ɗiɗi ko famɗi fof, tawi ko dental dimtingal (électriquement neutre).

Abbere : Atome (hawraama yo wiye atomere, so heewii wiyee atome

Ciirtol / ciirti : tissu(s)

Ɗaɗol tino : nerf

Ɗaɗol ƴiiƴam mboɗejam : artère

Ɗaɗol ƴiiƴam ɓalejam : veine

Bakteriiji : Bactérie (kullel jogingel toɓɓere wootere)

Toɓɓere : cellule (go’owel nguurndam)

Ɗanle nder weeyo

Laana "Hubble" nder weeyo

Ganndal tago, ɗum noon ganndal leydi men ndi e lewru waɗii daawe mawɗe ummaade 1957 feewde jooni, ɗum ko sabu ko wiyetee satelitaaji (ko mbiyaten fiisee ko) taarotooɗi leydi. Kaɓirɗe gonɗe e ɗiin satelitaaji ina nelda leydi kabaruuji keewɗi jowitiiɗi e ganndal ngal nafoore mum alaa ɗo haaɗi. Nii woni ina anndaa wonde lewru yowitii ko e leydi, ɗum firti ko lewru rewi tan ko e leydi ina taaroo ɗum, hono no leydi ndi e hoore mum taarortoo naange nii. Nder balɗe 27 e waktuuji 7 e hojomaaji 43 fof lewru ina arta ɗo tolninoo e weeyo (leydi kam ne firlotoo naange ko e nder balɗe 365 e waktuuji 6) ; kono noon lewru maayrata ko balɗe 29 e feccere. Yolnde hakkunde leydi e lewru ina millee e 384 454 km. Tekkeendi lewru ina wona kam ne 3 490 km. Tekkeendi leydi men ndi ko hedde 12 800 km. Leydi ina sowoo lewru, to bannge mawnugol fotde laabi 50. Ina sikkaa maale ndiyam nani toon. Kala nokku gonɗo e lewru ina yiya naange (wona e ñalawma) balɗe 14 e feccere, wona ko foti noon e nder niɓɓere (jamma). Ñalawma toon ina wuli haa ɓurti (alaa ko faddotoo cereeli naange), jammaaji mum ina jaangi haa ɓurti (fotde -150°C). Ko ɗum tagi yahooɓe toon ɓe ina njogii comci keeriiɗi ɓoornotoo. Jamɗe biyeteeɗe koymet (Alimiñoom) e njamndi ɓaleeri, kalsiyoom e mañesiyoom e tentaan ina tawee toon. Nduufdi lewru jogii ko sifaa ceenal leppungal.

Ɗum noon 20 sulyee 1969 ko ñalngu mawngu wonande winndere ndee kala, ko ñalngu poolgu neɗɗo e hare ganndal, kono kadi ko ñalnde heen Amerik daɗtii Dental Sowiyet (Riisi) e fannu weeyiyankaagal.

Danndu mawndu hakkunde ɗee leyɗe ɗiɗi ngam « laamaade » weeyo wonaa ñalnde heen fuɗɗii : ndu fuɗɗii ko caggal ñifgol jeyli hare adunankoore ɗiɗmere (39-45).

Ƴiiwoole : majje, digaali, manaango

Dimtagol manaango

Winndannde ɗimmere min podannoo on ko fayti e toɓo e ƴiiwoole e majje e digaali. Ndeeɗoo winndannde memtaama seeɗa ngam ɓeydude ñamri mayre. Ngon-ɗen ko e ndunngu e faggaade kelmeendi ngam marde gannde e ɗemngal men. Hono no kollitirno-ɗen, winndannde nde yaltiino e tonngoode jeeɗaɓere Fooyre Ɓamtaare e hitaande 1982 (abriil, mee, suwee). Min ɗisanii on les ɗo ndeen tonngoode haa njiyon mbaydi mayre. Nate gonɗe heen ɗe ko nate musiɗɗo men Aamadu Malal Gey joginooɗo karallaagal jaaynde nde e oon sahaa.

.... E winndannde ɓennunde nde, en kawriino e ɗee geɗe kajojinaaɗe ngam goodaangal toɓo :

- Goodaangal ndiyam e dow leydi ; - Nguleeki mbele ndiyam na waawa wiimtaade ; - Ɓuuɓol weeyo mbele ndiyam na waawa fenndaade (jantinen heen goodaangal wuddu (walla gulli) fenndo (noyau(x) de condensation). En ndokkiino heen yeruuji teeŋtinooji ɗee geɗe : nokku ɓurɗo heewde ndiyam, ɓurɗo wulde ko ɗoon toɓo ɓuri heewde toɓde ; Ina waɗi kadi geɗe maandinooje en ndunngu ɓadtiima walla toɓo inan ara, ina heen : Gartugol ɗaccuki haa won e nokku e nder kammu walla won e koode goɗɗe ; Gummagol loruuje hirnaange fayde fuɗnaange walla rewo fayde worgo ; Baylagol goobu won e colli (balwali) ekn … ekn …

Ɗee geɗe noon paamrotoo ko to baylagol ngonka weeyo (nguleeki walla ɓuuɓol ina riiwa walla fooɗa won e ndiwri walla wayla goobu sigeeji mum).

En nanndirii e ɗee geɗe kala. Jooni noon ndokken miijo men e won dille tesketeeɗe kala ndunngu. Ko njogor-ɗen haalde koo noon ittaa ko ganndal siyaas. Firde siyaas noon weeɓaani kono maa en eto dallinde hol no majje, digaali e manaango ngardata.

Majje ko doole yiite (Elektirisitee)

Weeyo ina waɗi daañaa doole yiite. Doole yiite woni ko nganndir-ɗen kuuraa walla elektirisitee ko. Doole yiite noon waɗi ko dimle ɗiɗi : dimngal ɓeydo (+) e usto (-). Dimle ɗiɗi luurondirɗe (+ e -) pooɗondirtu, dimle ɗiɗi nannduɗe (+e+walla – e -) nduuñtondirtu.

Dimngal (+) e dimngal (-) so ɓadondirii waɗata ko pooɗondiral wakkunde majje, haa ara e nokku tawa pooɗondiral ngal tiisii no feewi, ɗe ndenta, waɗa feetere. Oɗon mbaawi waɗde jarribo : ƴettee batir ɓeppo mo gasaani (keso noon ɓuri). Ƴetten layset, pawen heen hoore e heen jamngel batir o, hoore woɗnde nde paandinon ɗum jamngel ngela, ma on njiy waɗa peete, walla kam hay so feetere wootere. So on njawnoraama ɗuum, njarribo-ɗon ɗuum e batir oto, ma on piccu juuɗe walla ngiddon on mbelaaka. Ndutto-ɗen e weeyo men. En paamii weeyo dañaa ina waɗi kuuraa. So ruulde feŋii tan, alaa e sago nde ɓama heen dimngal gootal (+) walla (-), ngongal e nokku ngoon weeyo ngal. So ƴiiwii, oɗon nganndi duule ngonata tan ko e yirlaade sabu keneeli gonɗi dow ɗi. Ruulde roondiinde (+) so hawrii e roondiinde (-) on paamii waɗat feetere mawnde hakkunde majje, hono no njiyruno-ɗen e jarribo hee nii.

Majje ngaddata digaango

Ko ngoon fooɗo hakkunde duule ɗiɗi ceertuɗe dimle yiite jibinta feetere mawnde e weeyo, ndeen feetere woni huunde e majje njiyaten ɗe. Ɗum yahdata ko e nguleeki mawki, hakke 30 000 degere Selsus. Hono no paamraten, ndiyam, e dow leydi men ndi, so heɓii 100 degere Selsus tan fasat; henndu weeyo liroo, wuttoo, fetta, no bidoŋ baɗɗo henndu fettirta so oto yaɓɓii e dow mum nii, waɗa dille mawɗe : ɗeen dille ngoni digaango nanaten caggal nde njiy-ɗen majje ɗe. Ko majje ɗe ngadoto-ɗen yiyde caggal ɗum nanen dille ɗe (digaango ngo). Waɗi ɗum ko leer (naanagal walla annoore walla limiyeer) ɓuri dille (sawta) yaawde to woɗɗi sibu leer ina doga 300 000 km e leƴƴannde kala (walla 300 000 000 meeteer e nder leƴƴannde kala) ; Ina wayi no, e majjannde yitere wootere, leer ina yaha arta laabi ujunere hakkunde Nuwaasoot e Eeleega. tawi noon dille kam en ndogata ko hedde 300 meeteer fat e nder leƴƴannde.

Manaango

Ɗum noon, sifaaji tati majje ina ngoodi : majje hakkunde duule, en njiyii, jibinta ɗum ko ceertugol dimle yiite hakkunde duule ɗiɗi, majal nder ruulde, kam ne saabii ɗum ko ceertugol dimle hakkunde nokkuuji ɗiɗi e nder ruulde wootere, e majje hakkunde duule e leydi.

So ƴiiwoonde ƴiiwii, yah-ngartaa keneeli gulɗi e ɓuuɓɗi, ina ngaddana leydi roondaade yiite ɓeydo (+). Oon sahaa, so duule ɗe ndoondiima yiite (-), waɗa fooɗo hakkunde leydi e duule : so ngaal dimngal rimtiima waɗa majje «dariiɗe», woni majje hakkunde leydi e duule, keewɗe doole sanne. Yiite ɗe so ndimtiima e leydi, woni ko mbiyaten manaango ko. Ko huunde hulɓiniinde, semmbolinnde, heewnde nguleeki : njaaweendi majal ina yettoo 40 000 km/lƴ ; doole fooɗo ngo ina yettoo 100 miliyoŋ wolte (Volts) (kuuraa kuutorto-ɗen e galleeji men o heewi wonde ko 220 Volts fat, kono oɗon nganndi so on memii mo no wayata), njuuteendi majal ngal ina waawi yettaade 25 kiloomeeteer, njaanjeendi mum ina famɗi, sibu ko hedde saatimeeteruuji 3 fat, nguleeki takko majal ngal ina wona 30 000°C !!! Ɗeeɗoo majje, woni manaango, so ina ndimtoo e leydi, keewi ko rewde e huunde ɓurnde ɓadaade bolol mum tawa kadi ko huunde waawde nawde kuuraa, ko wayi no njamndi ndariindi e leydi, walla jawdi maa walla neɗɗo, walla ndiyam … Kala ɗo manaango rimtii (yani), battintu no feewi sanne : so tawii ko e lekki, ki heewi ko feecaade, so kullon keewi ko maayde, so e leydi mehri heewi ko waɗde wiiduru mawndu …

En paamii tan wonde manaango ardataa e hay kaaƴel gootel. Feere nde annduɓe njiyti, ngam haɗde manaango bonnude, ko etaade «waɗande ɗum bolol», woni njiɓde e leydi loocol njammndi toowngol (...), ɗum woni ko wiyetee «paratonnerre», woni «paddorgel manaango». Adii horde ɗum ko ganndo gooto biyeteeɗo Franklin (engelenaajo). O ƴetti ko beeyuwal tokosal, o ceŋi e mum cettel njamndi, o haɓɓi e mum gaarawel njamndi haa yettii leydi. O woppi haa ƴiiwi, o woppi beeyungal ngal weeyi haa dow. E oon sahaa o wiyi feetere ina ummii duule haa yettii e cettel njamndi ngel : ko ndeen o yenanaa manaango ko rimto kuuraa tan, o sosi paaraatoneer e hitaande 1779.

Manaango yanata tan ko e huunde nawoore kuuraa, haa naata leydi.

Tonngol

Ɗum fof e wayde noon, eɗen ngoɗɗi anndidde cuuɗiindi Alla waɗi e ƴiiwoole e yahdooje e mum. Geɗel gootel ina ñikla hakkillaaji annduɓe : hol no yimɓe mbaɗata haa eelta majje ngam huutoraade semmbe mum doolnuɗo o.

So artii e kaaƴel manaango noon, eɗen nganndi sukaaɓe (walla mawɓe nii) ina keewnoo hoccude kaaƴon ɗaatkon, mbelkon walla ceeɓkon, mbiya «ngaree mi hoccii kaaƴel manaango !». Ngel kaaƴel dey ardaani e manaango. Ina yaakoraa ko e kaɓirɗe njaatiraaɓe men adiiɓe, sibu ko kaaƴe ɓe ngoogatnoo haa wela ɓe mbaɗa jale e jammbe, walla paakaaji … Jahɗo Galle Pinal ɗaa kala maa taw toon hono koon kaaƴon keewkon ; so o naamndiima daartooɓe ɓe, ma ɓe kaalan mo heen ko weɗɗaa.

Bookara Aamadu Bah

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Wasiyaaji so ƴiiwoonde arii

Ina waɗi kadi geɗe ɗe yimɓe poti, yeru:

- seŋtude kaɓirɗe marsooje e kuuraa, sibu so manaango yanii e e ɓoggi kuuraa mawɗi ɗi, hay so tawii ko to woɗɗi (kilooji keewɗi) ɗum ina waawi bonnude kaɓirɗe ɗe.

- Ñifde telefoŋ portaabal (eɗum fooɗa manaango) ;

- Waasde jaabaade e telefoŋ ɓoggol (ɗum ne ko noon)…

So tawii ko boowal, neɗɗo ina foti reentaade :

- ɗuhaade e lekki, sibu so manaango yanii e lekki he, faytata ko ɓalndu neɗɗo o (walla jawdi ndi) nde tawnoo ɓalndu neɗɗo ɓuri waawde nawde kuuraa ;

- Suuɗaade e naɗde ;

- Lelaade sara ɓoggi kuuraa ekn …

Ko ɓuri wasiyeede, so tawii neɗɗo woni ko boowal ko :

- Ruɓde walla yahrude koppi hay so tawii ko e ɓakke ;

- So tawii ko yimɓe heewɓe, yo ɓe ngoɗɗondir ko famɗi fof meeteruuji 5 : e oon sahaa so manaango yanii e gooto e maɓɓe, woɗɓe ɓe ina mbaawi hisde ;

- So tawii ngon-ɗaa ko e nder oto, woto yaltu, heddo toon sibu hay so manaango yanii e oto he, yettotaako ma ;

- Seertude e kala ko ina nawa kuuraa : kootone, parayseewal, pafti ….

- Yahrude taaɓon tokoson, kon ɓurataa sentimeeteruuji 2;

- So tawii neɗɗo roŋkii dañde ɗo ɗuhii, yo o dicco, o renndina koppi e koyɗe, tawa omo huuri heen permeyaabal.

Kelmeendi

Charge électrique : dimngal yiite
Charge positive : dimngal ɓeydo
Charge négative : dimngal usto
Porter une charge : rimndude
Se décharger : rimtaade
Etre électriquement neutre : Wonde dimtiɗum
Bookara A. Bah

Fooyre Ɓamtaare tonngoode 7 (abriil, mee, suwee 1982)

Ƴiiwoonde walla duleendu jayngol

Duleendu (Ƴiiwoonde) lewlewndu jayngol

Diiwaan ɗo ɗum yiyaa ñalnde talaata 24 ut 2010 ɗo, woni ko to Beresiil, to nokku ina wiyee Araçatuba, nokku jooɗiiɗo lebbi tati toɓaaka, ɗum noon gonɗo e yooro nanndungo e yoorooji Saharaa. Duleendu lewlewndu jayngol, ko huunde nde heewaani yiyeede. Ɗum heewi waɗde ko so henndu doolnundu ummiima e weeyo yoorngo no feewi.

Ndu heewaani ɓurde hojomaaji seeɗa, tee ndu ɓosataa ko ɓuri meeteruuji seeɗa.

Kono tan e hitaande 1923, ƴerɓo leydi to Tokiyoo (Japon), umminiino ƴiiwoonde jayngol nde mawneeki mum tolnii e wuro. Nde warii 36 000 neɗɗo e nder hojomaaji 15. NJaajeendi ndeeɗoo ƴiiwoonde (duleendu) jayngol seedaande to Beresiil tolniima e teemedde meeteer tawi ina wondi e keneeli doolnuɗi ɗi njaweeki mum en yettii 160km/waktu.

Ƴoogirde : Maxiscience

Rare 'fire tornado' hits Brazil par itnnews

“Fistil” : njilluuji “Sifaa Hanki Pinal Hannde”

Debbo reedu gonduɗo e fistil

Ñalnde alkamiisa sappo e ɗiɗi lewru noowaamburu, Sifaa Hanki Pinal Hannde yilloyiinoo ma diiwaan Brakna e ngallu Bahbahɓe e Haayre Mbaar tawi ko fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore wiyeteende « fnuap » yooɓneede gollal hirjino ngam waɗde ɗum e oon diiwaan. Ngoon hirjino faytunoo ko e rafi garoowo e rewɓe biyeteeɗo FUSTIL.

Hirjino ngoo waɗaa ko e wuro Bahbahɓe. Denndaangal gure taariiɗe Bahbahɓe ndañii tawtoreede hiirde nde, hiirde ndee Sifaa Hanki Pinal Hannde yuɓɓini, holliti heen tinndinooje paytuɗe e oon rafi. Hirjinooɓe laaɓtuɓe ɗemɗe jiydaa e naalaŋke coftɗo e diɗɗal mum biyeteengal Jalluɗe, Yelaa, Faama Mbay, Bahbalnaaɓe e gure taariiɗe njaɓɓiima ngoon miijo no haanirta nii, sibu hilifaaɓe e hoohooɓe tawtoraama ndeen hiirde hirjino.

Sifaa Hanki Pinal Hannde noon ina yetta cukko meer Bahbahɓe, hono Miikaa Faal e goomu tiyaataar Bahbahɓe e musiɗɗo Goori Njaay. Sifaa Hanki Pinal Hannde ina rutta teddungal e denndaangal wallidiiɓe maɓɓe haa hirjino ngoo waawi yahrude no haaniri nii.

Fistil ko rafi keɓtotooɗo rewɓe. Kala gonnduɗo e oon rafi yo o fiññino bete omo safroo. Maa doktoreeɓe ngar e maɓɓe ngam safrude ɓe, hoto ɓe kersu heen, walla wiyde ina suuɗa oo rafi mo suuɗotaako. Ñalnde 19 lewru nduu ko Rinnjaw yontanoo yilleede. Ina noddanoo heen denndaangal gure takkiiɗe Riñnjaw ko wayi no Beelinaaɓe,Njafaan, Jookee, Woolum Neere, Kaañaaɗi, Jaawut, Neere waalo, Siñtu Buubu Maka, Sillaa e Riñnjaw wuro ɗo ɗum waɗetee ɗo.

Umar BAH Mboyna

Hol ko firti ‘fistil’ ?

Fistil (Fistule) ko helmere Faryse firoore « jantondiral » walla « julyultondiral » « caawli » walla « ɗaɗi » ndeelam, tawa noon ko huunde heptiinde wonaa tagdaande. Ñawu ina waawi saabaade ɗum, oppeer ina waawi ɗum saabaade. Yeru ina woodi « fistil dolirgol » (laawol ɗo ñaamdu rewata : hunuko – goddol – kuuse – tekteki …), ina woodi fistil « saawdu coofe » … Fistilaaji kaaleteeɗi ɗoo ɗi ko fistilaaji « jibinirgol » : ɗum noon toɗɗii ko rewɓe : ko jantondiral « coofirgol » (saawdu coofe) e « wuddere ndewaagu » (kottu) walla jantondiral « coofirgol » e « kuutol » : ɗum heewi heɓtaade rewɓe ko e caɗeele jibingol. Ɗum ɗoon noon ko huunde haaɓniinde e gonduɗo heen o, sibu joom mum ɗo woni fof ko leppuɗo coofe maa kuudi, sibu coofe, walla jaañte ngonata ko e siiwaade, tawa nii joom mum tinaani. Alaa ɗo ɗum alaa e winndere he, kono ɗum ɓuri heewde ko e Afrik. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓeydata ɗum cukaagu walla heego, sibu e oon sahaa tawata ko « jooɗorde » (bassin) jibinoowo o ina pamɗi, tiggu o hooroo yaltude …

BAB